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Hall, S.M.; Gosen, B.S.V.; Paces, J.B.; Zielinski, R.A.; Breit, G.N. |
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Title |
Calcrete uranium deposits in the Southern High Plains, USA |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Ore Geology Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
109 |
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50-78 |
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Keywords |
Calcrete, Carnotite, Finchite, Geochemistry, Uranium, Vanadium |
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The Southern High Plains (SHP) is a new and emerging U.S. uranium province. Here, uranyl vanadates form deposits in Pliocene to Pleistocene sandstone, dolomite, and limestone. Fifteen calcrete uranium occurrences are identified; two of these, the Buzzard Draw and Sulfur Springs Draw deposits, have combined in-place resources estimated at about 4 million pounds of U3O8. Ore minerals carnotite and finchite are hosted in dolomite at the Sulfur Springs Draw deposit, with accessory fluorite, celestine, smectite/illite, autunite, and strontium carbonate. Host carbonate at the Sulfur Springs Draw deposit is ∼190 ka and mineralization mobilized as recently as 3.8 ka. Ash collected near the deposit is 631 ka and erupted from the Yellowstone caldera complex. The Triassic Dockum Group that contains sandstone-hosted uranium deposits throughout the region and underlies the SHP is a potential source for uranium and vanadium. Regional uplift and dissection reintroduced oxygenated groundwater into the Dockum Group, mobilizing uranium. Additional uranium may have been contributed to groundwater by weathering of volcanic ash in Pliocene and Pleistocene host rocks. The locations of the uranium occurrences are mostly in modern drainage systems in the southeast portion of the SHP. Modelling of modern groundwater in the SHP carried out in a parallel study shows that a single fluid could form carnotite through evaporation, and that fluids of the requisite composition are more prevalent in the southern portion of the SHP. The southeastern portion of the SHP hosts more uranium occurrences due to a variety of factors including (1) upward transport of groundwater and connectivity between source and host rock, (2) higher uranium and vanadium content of groundwater, (3) higher rates of groundwater recharge in this region to drive the mineralizing system, and (4) shallower groundwater facilitating surface evaporation. Ongoing erosion of host rocks challenges preservation of deposits and may limit their size. |
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0169-1368 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ hall_calcrete_2019 |
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124 |
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Su, X.; Liu, Z.; Yao, Y.; Du, Z. |
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Title |
Petrology, mineralogy, and ore leaching of sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in the Ordos Basin, North China |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Ore Geology Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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127 |
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103768 |
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Geochemical composition, leach mining, Mineralogy, Ordos Basin, Sandstone-hosted uranium deposit |
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The Nalinggou–Daying uranium metallogenic belt is situated at the northern Ordos Basin, China. Petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical techniques were used to study the ore-bearing sandstones and host rocks in the Nalinggou–Daying uranium metallogenic belt. The present study shows that uranium minerals, i.e., coffinite, pitchblende, and brannerite, are mostly disseminated around pyrite and detrital particles. The ore-bearing sandstones are enriched in organic matter, with which this reductive environment influenced uranium leaching. The carbonate concentration of the uranium ores is markedly higher than that of the host rocks, and intense carbonatization occurs in the ore-bearing sandstones. In this case, the usage of the classical in-situ leach uranium mining technique by injecting H2SO4 + H2O2 solution produces calcium sulfate precipitate, which can lead to blocking of the ore-bearing strata. For this reason, laboratory and field uranium mining tests were conducted using CO2 + O2 in-situ leaching technology and were demonstrated to be successful, illustrating that this approach is technically feasible. Inhibiting ore bed blockage and increasing the amount of injected O2 are important for uranium leaching in this setting. |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ su_petrology_2020 |
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120 |
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Rallakis, D.; Michels, R.; Cathelineau, M.; Parize, O.; Brouand, M. |
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Title |
Conditions for uranium biomineralization during the formation of the Zoovch Ovoo roll-front-type uranium deposit in East Gobi Basin, Mongolia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Ore Geology Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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138 |
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104351 |
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Bioreduction, East Gobi Basin, Mongolia, Organic matter, Roll-front, Sulfur isotopes, Uranium |
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The Zoovch Ovoo uranium roll-front-type deposit is hosted in the Sainshand Formation, a Late Cretaceous siliciclastic reservoir, which constitutes the upper part of the post-rift infilling of the Mesozoic East Gobi Basin in SE Mongolia. The Sainshand Formation consists of unconsolidated medium-grained sand, silt and clay intervals deposited in fluvial-lacustrine settings. The uranium deposit is confined within a 60–80 m thick siliciclastic sequence inside aquifer-driven systems. The overall system experienced shallow burial and was never subjected to temperatures higher than 40 °C. This study proposes a comprehensive metallogenic model for this uranium deposit. Sedimentological and mineralogical observations from drill core samples to the microscopic scale (optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy) together with in situ geochemistry of late-formed phases (Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Electron Probe Microanalysis, Fourier Transform–Infrared Spectroscopy) were considered for the reconstruction of the main stages of U trapping. In the mineralized zone, the uranium ore is expressed as Ca–enriched uraninite (UO2) and less commonly as Ca–enriched phospho-coffinite (U, P)SiO4. Trapping mechanisms include i) complexation (i.e. uranyl-carboxyl complexes), ii) adsorption on organic or clay particles) and iii) reduction by pyrite and by bacterial activity to amorphous uraninite. In all cases, the organic matter plays either the role of trap for uranium or nutrient for bacteria that can trap uranium through their metabolism. The shallow burial diagenesis conditions do not allow direct reduction of U(VI) by organic carbon. The δ34S values of the iron disulfide are very diverse, fluctuating in extreme cases between −50 to + 50‰, with an average δ34S value for framboidal pyrite at 2‰, and −20‰ for euhedral pyrite. The positive and negative values reflect close versus open fractionation systems, while bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR) is active during the whole diagenetic history of the deposit as an essential source of reduced sulfur. Therefore, using detrital organic matter as a carbon source, microorganisms play a significant role in uranium trapping, either as a direct reducing agent for uranium or pyrite formation, which will trap uranium through redox driven epigenetic processes. |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ rallakis_conditions_2021 |
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176 |
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Ren, Y.; Yang, X.; Hu, X.; Wei, J.; Tang, C. |
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Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for biogenic uranium mineralization in northern Songliao Basin, NE China |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Ore Geology Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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141 |
Issue |
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104556 |
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Bacterial sulfate reduction, In-situ S isotope of pyrite, Northern Songliao basin, Sandstone-type uranium deposit, Sifangtai Formation |
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The sandstone-hosted uranium mineralization areas in the Sanzhao Sag of the northern Songliao Basin have been newly identified. The target stratum is the Upper Cretaceous Sifangtai Formation and the uranium mineralization mainly occurs in the bottom of Sifangtai Formation, corresponding to channel sand bodies in meandering river system, characterized by medium to fine-grained sandstone. This study proposes the uranium metallogenic model through petrographic observation, whole rock geochemistry, mineralogical study of uranium occurrence form (SEM), organic matter rock–eval pyrolysis analysis (REP) and in-situ sulfur isotope determination of different generations of pyrite by LA-MC-ICP-MS. Compared with the sandstones collected in barren reduction and oxidization zones, the mineralized sandstones show obvious increase in the contents of TOC, total sulfur, Y and U. Petrographic observations indicate that organic matters are mainly inherited from land plants. REP data display that the organic matter (OM) disseminated in the sandstone has very low hydrogen index (HI) from around 0 to 21 mg HC/g TOC and varied oxygen index (OI) from 44 to 115 mg CO2/g TOC, corresponding to Type Ⅳ kerogen (degraded kerogen). There are two types of coffinite with different grain size, micro-particles (μm-sized) and large aggregates (generally up to 100 μm) respectively. The coffinite micro spherules exhibit short rod-like or worm-like morphology occurring in clay matrix and cell cavities in degradofusinite or around subidiomorphic-idiomorphic pyrite. The coarse-grained coffinite contains other mineral facies (e.g. pyrite, quartz) and some of large coffinite aggregates display thrombolite-type microbial structures. The irregular pyrite relict particles in coarse-grained colloidal coffinite have light sulfur isotope compositions characterized by δ34S values from –39.96‰ to –49.89‰. The δ34S values of colloidal pyrite in replacement of OM or of the sub-idiomorphic FeS2 cement filling in the cavities of OM range from –52.77‰ to –13.88‰. Some of sub-idiomorphic pyrite cement and idiomorphic crystal have the heavier signature from – 27.06‰ to + 14.23‰. The light sulfur isotope signature suggests that the sulfur originates from bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR). The OM replacement by pyrite and the highest OI values recorded by REP in uranium mineralized samples are lines of evidence of biodegradation. Bacteria use the organic matter as food source and produce isotopically light reduced sulfur species. Oxygenated uranium-bearing waters infiltrated through the denudated windows at Daqing placanticline into the porous reduced sandstones deposited in the Sanzhao Sag. Uranium was indirectly reduced by BSR-derived iron disulfides or directly reduced by sulfate-reducing bacteria. |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ ren_mineralogical_2022 |
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144 |
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Hall, S.M.; Gosen, B.S.V.; Zielinski, R.A. |
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Title |
Sandstone-hosted uranium deposits of the Colorado Plateau, USA |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Ore Geology Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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155 |
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105353 |
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Keywords |
Colorado, Plateau, Uranium, Vanadium |
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More than 4,000 sandstone-hosted uranium occurrences host over 1.2 billion pounds of mined and in situ U3O8 throughout the Colorado Plateau. Most of the resources are in two distinct mineral systems with deposits hosted in the Triassic Chinle and Jurassic Morrison Formations. In the Chinle mineral system, base metal sulfides typically accompany mineralization. The Morrison mineral system is characterized by V/U ratios up to 20. The uranium source was likely volcanic ash preserved as bentonitic mudstones in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, and lithic volcanic clasts, ash shards, and bentonitic clay in the lower part of the Chinle Formation. Vanadium originated from two possible sources: iron–titanium oxides that are extensively altered in bleached rock near deposits or from similar minerals in variably bleached red beds interbedded with and beneath the Morrison. In Chinle-hosted deposits, in addition to volcanic ash, a contributing source of both vanadium and uranium is proposed here for the first time to be underlying red beds in the Moenkopi and Cutler Formations that have undergone a cycle of reddening-bleaching-reoxidation. Transport in both systems was likely in groundwater through the more permeable sandstones and conglomerate units. The association of uranium minerals with carbonate and more rarely apatite, suggests that transport of uranium was as a carbonate or phosphate complex. The first comprehensive examination of paleoclimate, paleotopography, and subsurface structure of aquifers coupled with analysis of the geochronology of deposits suggests that that there were distinct pulses of uranium mineralization/redistribution during the period from about 259 Ma to 12 Ma when oxidized mineralizing fluids were intermittently rejuvenated in the Plateau in response to changes in tectonic regime and climate. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that deposits formed at ambient temperatures of about 25 °C to no greater than about 140 °C. In both systems, deposits formed where groundwater flow slowed and was subject to evaporative concentration. Stagnant conditions allowed for prolonged interaction of U- and V-enriched groundwater with ferrous iron-bearing reductants, such as illite and iron–titanium oxides, and more rarely organic material such as plant debris. Paragenetically late in the sequence, reducing fluids introduced additional organic matter to some deposits. Reducing fluids and introduced organic matter (now amorphous and altered by radiolysis) may originate from regional petroleum systems where peak oil and gas generation was from ∼ 82 to ∼ 5 Ma. Our novel analysis indicates that these reducing fluids bleached rock and protected affected deposits from remobilization during exposure and weathering that followed uplift of the Plateau (∼80 to 40 Ma). |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ hall_sandstone-hosted_2023 |
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111 |
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Yabusaki, S.B.; Fang, Y.; Long, P.E.; Resch, C.T.; Peacock, A.D.; Komlos, J.; Jaffe, P.R.; Morrison, S.J.; Dayvault, R.D.; White, D.C.; Anderson, R.T. |
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Uranium removal from groundwater via in situ biostimulation: Field-scale modeling of transport and biological processes |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Journal of Contaminant Hydrology |
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93 |
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1 |
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216-235 |
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Bioremediation, Biostimulation, Field experiment, Iron, Reactive transport, Sulfate, Uranium |
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During 2002 and 2003, bioremediation experiments in the unconfined aquifer of the Old Rifle UMTRA field site in western Colorado provided evidence for the immobilization of hexavalent uranium in groundwater by iron-reducing Geobacter sp. stimulated by acetate amendment. As the bioavailable Fe(III) terminal electron acceptor was depleted in the zone just downgradient of the acetate injection gallery, sulfate-reducing organisms came to dominate the microbial community. In the present study, we use multicomponent reactive transport modeling to analyze data from the 2002 field experiment to identify the dominant transport and biological processes controlling uranium mobility during biostimulation, and determine field-scale parameters for these modeled processes. The coupled process simulation approach was able to establish a quantitative characterization of the principal flow, transport, and reaction processes based on the 2002 field experiment, that could be applied without modification to describe the 2003 field experiment. Insights gained from this analysis include field-scale estimates of the bioavailable Fe(III) mineral threshold for the onset of sulfate reduction, and rates for the Fe(III), U(VI), and sulfate terminal electron accepting processes. |
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0169-7722 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ yabusaki_uranium_2007 |
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156 |
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Paradis, C.J.; Hoss, K.N.; Meurer, C.E.; Hatami, J.L.; Dangelmayr, M.A.; Tigar, A.D.; Johnson, R.H. |
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Elucidating mobilization mechanisms of uranium during recharge of river water to contaminated groundwater |
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Journal Article |
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2022 |
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Journal of Contaminant Hydrology |
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251 |
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104076 |
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Desorption, Dissolution, Groundwater, Surface water, Tracer, Uranium |
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The recharge of stream water below the baseflow water table can mobilize groundwater contaminants, particularly redox-sensitive and sorptive metals such as uranium. However, in-situ tracer experiments that simulate the recharge of stream water to uranium-contaminated groundwater are lacking, thus limiting the understanding of the potential mechanisms that control the mobility of uranium at the field scale. In this study, a field tracer test was conducted by injecting 100 gal (379 l) of oxic river water into a nearby suboxic and uranium-contaminated aquifer. The traced river water was monitored for 18 days in the single injection well and in the twelve surrounding observation wells. Mobilization of uranium from the solid to the aqueous phase was not observed during the tracer test despite its pre-test presence being confirmed on the aquifer sediments from lab-based acid leaching. However, strong evidence of oxidative immobilization of iron and manganese was observed during the tracer test and suggested that immobile uranium was likely in its oxidized state as U(VI) on the aquifer sediments; these observations ruled out oxidation of U(IV) to U(VI) as a potential mobilization mechanism. Therefore, desorption of U(VI) appeared to be the predominant potential mobilization mechanism, yet it was clearly not solely dependent on concentration as evident when considering that uranium-poor river water (\textless0.015 mg/L) was recharged to uranium-rich groundwater (≈1 mg/L). It was possible that uranium desorption was limited by the relatively higher pH and lower alkalinity of the river water as compared to the groundwater; both factors favor immobilization. However, it was likely that the immobile uranium was associated with a mineral phase, as opposed to a sorbed phase, thus desorption may not have been possible. The results of this field tracer study successfully ruled out two common mobilization mechanisms of uranium: (1) oxidative dissolution and (2) concentration-dependent desorption and ruled in the importance of advection, dispersion, and the mineral phase of uranium. |
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0169-7722 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ paradis_elucidating_2022 |
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135 |
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Holmes, M.; Campbell, E.E.; Wit, M. de; Taylor, J.C. |
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Can diatoms be used as a biomonitoring tool for surface and groundwater?: Towards a baseline for Karoo water |
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2023 |
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South African Journal of Botany |
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161 |
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211-221 |
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Bioindicator, Diatom, Hydraulic fracturing, Karoo, Water quality |
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The environmental risks from shale gas extraction through the unconventional method of ‘fracking’ are considerable and impact on water supplies below and above ground. Since 2010 the recovery of natural shale gas through fracking has been proposed in parts of the fragile semi-arid ecosystems that make up the Karoo biome in South Africa. These unique ecosystems are heavily reliant on underground water, intermittent and ephemeral springs, which are at great risk of contamination by fracking processes. Diatoms are present in all water bodies and reflect aspects of the environment in which they are located. As the possibility of fracking has not been removed, the aim of the project was to determine if diatoms could be used for rapid biomonitoring of underground and surface waters in the Karoo. Over a period of 24 months, water samples and diatom species were collected simultaneously from 65 sites. A total of 388 diatom taxa were identified from 290 samples with seasonal and substrate variation affecting species composition but not the environmental information. Species diversity information, on the other hand, often varied significantly between substrates within a single sample. Analysis using CCA established that the diatom composition was affected by lithium, oxidized nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and sulphate levels in the sampled water. We conclude that changes in diatom community composition in the Karoo do reflect the water chemistry and could be useful as bioindicators. |
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0254-6299 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ holmes_can_2023 |
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163 |
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Asare, P.; Atun, F.; Pfeffer, K. |
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Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in spatial planning for urban flood mitigation: The perspective of flood management experts in Accra |
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Journal Article |
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2023 |
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Land Use Policy |
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133 |
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106865 |
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Naure-Based Solutions, Urban expansion, Urban floods, Urban flood management, Spatial planning, NBS integration |
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The rapid rate of urban expansion with its associated physical development in recent years conflicts with the urban ecosystem and the services it provides. In most Sub-Saharan African cities, rapid urban expansion often does not conform to existing spatial plans. Physical developments are sometimes carried out in unauthorized areas, contributing to urban floods. The Sub-Saharan African regions’ flood management strategies mainly focus on engineering solutions but have not been fully functional in mitigating urban floods. There is a scarcity of knowledge on how urban flood-related NBS measures can be part of the spatial development in Sub-Saharan African cities for effective flood management. In order to address this gap, this study employed content and text analysis of policy documents and interviews to understand how current spatial and flood mitigation schemes in Accra, Ghana reflect possible NBS applicability and identify possible approaches to integrating NBS into existing planning schemes to prevent urban floods. The study found that Accra’s spatial plans and flood mitigation schemes reflect a possibility of NBS integration. Additionally, the study unveiled techniques for integrating NBS measures and possible implementation barriers and facilitation in the Ghanaian context, which can be linked to combating the challenges that the Ghanaian spatial planning and flood management authorities face. The research, therefore, contributes to knowledge of how NBS can be integrated into spatial planning systems and flood mitigation schemes in Sub-Saharan African regions. |
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0264-8377 |
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no |
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Call Number |
THL @ christoph.kuells @ Asare2023106865 |
Serial |
236 |
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Author |
Salbu, B. |
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Title |
Preface: uranium mining legacy issue in Central Asia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity |
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Volume |
123 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-2 |
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ISSN |
0265-931x |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
THL @ christoph.kuells @ salbu_preface_2013 |
Serial |
125 |
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