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Külls, C.; Adar, E.M.; Udluft, P. |
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Title |
Tracer Studies and Modelling of Regional Groundwater Systems-Resolving patterns of groundwater flow by inverse hydrochemical modelling in a semiarid Kalahari basin |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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IAHS Publications-Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern Assoc Hydrological Sciences |
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262 |
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447-452 |
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Wallingford [Oxfordshire]: IAHS, 1981- |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Kuells2006 |
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31 |
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Author |
Külls, C. |
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Title |
Resolving patterns of groundwater flow by inverse hydrochemical modelling in a semiarid Kalahari |
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Conference Article |
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2000 |
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Tracers and Modelling in Hydrogeology: TraM’2000: Proceedings of TraM’2000, the International Conference on Tracers and Modelling in Hydrogeology Held at Liège, Belgium, in May 2000 |
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262 |
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447 |
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IAHS Press |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Kuells2000resolving |
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62 |
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Ingham, E.S.; Cook, N.J.; Cliff, J.; Ciobanu, C.L.; Huddleston, A. |
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Title |
A combined chemical, isotopic and microstructural study of pyrite from roll-front uranium deposits, Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |
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125 |
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440-465 |
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The common sulfide mineral pyrite is abundant throughout sedimentary uranium systems at Pepegoona, Pepegoona West and Pannikan, Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia. Combined chemical, isotopic and microstructural analysis of pyrite indicates variation in fluid composition, sulfur source and precipitation conditions during a protracted mineralization event. The results show the significant role played by pyrite as a metal scavenger and monitor of fluid changes in low-temperature hydrothermal systems. In-situ micrometer-scale sulfur isotope analyses of pyrite demonstrated broad-scale isotopic heterogeneity (δ34S=−43.9 to +32.4‰VCDT), indicative of complex, multi-faceted pyrite evolution, and sulfur derived from more than a single source. Preserved textures support this assertion and indicate a genetic model involving more than one phase of pyrite formation. Authigenic pyrite underwent prolonged evolution and recrystallization, evidenced by a genetic relationship between archetypal framboidal aggregates and pyrite euhedra. Secondary hydrothermal pyrite commonly displays hyper-enrichment of several trace elements (Mn, Co, Ni, As, Se, Mo, Sb, W and Tl) in ore-bearing horizons. Hydrothermal fluids of magmatic and meteoric origins supplied metals to the system but the geochemical signature of pyrite suggests a dominantly granitic source and also the influence of mafic rock types. Irregular variation in δ34S, coupled with oscillatory trace element zonation in secondary pyrite, is interpreted in terms of continuous variations in fluid composition and cycles of diagenetic recrystallization. A late-stage oxidizing fluid may have mobilized selenium from pre-existing pyrite. Subsequent restoration of reduced conditions within the aquifer caused ongoing pyrite re-crystallization and precipitation of selenium as native selenium. These results provide the first qualitative constraints on the formation mechanisms of the uranium deposits at Beverley North. Insights into depositional conditions and sources of both sulfide and uranium mineralization and an improved understanding of pyrite geochemistry can also underpin an effective vector for uranium exploration at Beverley North and other sedimentary systems of the Lake Eyre Basin, as well as in comparable geological environments elsewhere. |
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0016-7037 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ ingham_combined_2014 |
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188 |
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Author |
Külls, C.; Leibundgut, C.; Schwarz, U.; Schick, A.P. |
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Title |
Channel infiltration study using dye tracers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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IAHS Publications-Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern Assoc Hydrological Sciences |
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232 |
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429-436 |
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Wallingford [Oxfordshire]: IAHS, 1981- |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Kuells1995channel |
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36 |
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Author |
Haque, N.; Norgate, T. |
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Title |
The greenhouse gas footprint of in-situ leaching of uranium, gold and copper in Australia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Journal of Cleaner Production |
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84 |
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382-390 |
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Copper, GHG emission, Gold, In-situ leaching, LCA, Uranium |
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Abstract |
In-situ leaching (ISL) is a chemical method for recovering useful minerals and metals directly from underground ore bodies which is also referred to as ‘solution mining’. ISL is commonly used for uranium mining, accounting for about 45% of global production. The main benefits are claimed to be a lower environmental impact in terms of visual disturbances, emissions, lower energy use, cost compared with conventional open-cut or underground mining methods, and potential utilisation of lower grade resources. However, there is a lack of reported studies on the assessment of the environmental impacts of ISL, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The SimaPro LCA software was used to estimate the GHG footprint of the ISL of uranium, gold and copper. The total GHG emissions were estimated to be 38.0 kg CO2-e/kg U3O8 concentrate (yellowcake), 29 t CO2-e/kg gold, and 4.78 kg CO2-e/kg Cu. The GHG footprint of ISL uranium was significantly lower than that of conventional mining, however, the footprints of copper and gold were not much less compared with conventional mining methods. This is due to the lower ore grade of ISL deposits and recovery compared with high ore grades and recovery of conventional technology. Additionally, the use of large amount of electricity for pumping in case of ISL contributes to this result. The electricity consumed in pumping leaching solutions was by far the greatest contributor to the well-field related activities associated with ISL of uranium, gold and copper. The main strategy to reduce the GHG footprint of ISL mining should be to use electricity derived from low emission sources. In particular, renewable sources such as solar would be suitable for ISL as these operations are typically in remote locations with smaller deposits compared with conventional mining sites. |
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0959-6526 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ haque_greenhouse_2014 |
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208 |
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Jaireth, S.; Roach, I.C.; Bastrakov, E.; Liu, S. |
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Title |
Basin-related uranium mineral systems in Australia: A review of critical features |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Ore Geology Reviews |
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76 |
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360-394 |
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Australia’s uranium deposits, Calcrete-uranium, Sandstone-hosted uranium, Unconformity-related uranium |
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Abstract |
This paper reviews critical features of basin-related uranium mineral systems in Australia. These mineral systems include Proterozoic unconformity-related uranium systems formed predominantly from diagenetic fluids expelled from sandstones overlying the unconformity, sandstone-hosted uranium systems formed from the influx of oxidised groundwaters through sandstone aquifers, and calcrete uranium systems formed from oxidised groundwaters flowing through palaeochannel aquifers (sand and calcrete). The review uses the so-called ‘source-pathway-trap’ paradigm to summarise critical features of fertile mineral systems. However, the scheme is expanded to include information on the geological setting, age and relative timing of mineralisation, and preservation of mineral systems. The critical features are also summarised in three separate tables. These features can provide the basis to conduct mineral potential and prospectivity analysis in an area. Such analysis requires identification of mappable signatures of above-mentioned critical features in geological, geophysical and geochemical datasets. The review of fertile basin-related systems shows that these systems require the presence of at least four ingredients: a source of leachable uranium (and vanadium and potassium for calcrete-uranium deposits); suitable hydrological architecture enabling connection between the source and the sink (site of accumulation); physical and chemical sinks or traps; and a post-mineralisation setting favourable for preservation. The review also discusses factors that may control the efficiency of mineral systems, assuming that world-class deposits result from more efficient mineral systems. The review presents a brief discussion of factors which may have controlled the formation of large deposits in the Lake Frome region in South Australia, the Chu-Sarysu and Syrdarya Basins in Kazakhstan and calcrete uranium deposits in the Yilgarn region, Western Australia. |
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0169-1368 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ jaireth_basin-related_2016 |
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139 |
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Khaneiki, M.L.; Al-Ghafri, A.S.; Klöve, B.; Haghighi, A.T. |
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Title |
Sustainability and virtual water: The lessons of history |
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Journal Article |
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2022 |
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Geography and Sustainability |
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3 |
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4 |
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358-365 |
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Proto-industrialization, Water scarcity, Non-hydraulic polity, Virtual water, Political economy |
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This article aims to show that virtual water has historically been an adaptation strategy that enabled some arid regions to develop a prosperous economy without putting pressure on their scarce water resources. Virtual water is referred to as the total amount of water that is consumed to produce goods and services. As an example, in arid central Iran, the deficiency in agricultural revenues was offset by more investment in local industries that enjoyed a perennial capacity to employ more workers. The revenues of local industries weaned the population from irrigated agriculture, since most of their raw materials and also food stuff were imported from other regions, bringing a remarkable amount of virtual water. This virtual water not only sustained the region’s inhabitants, but also set the stage for a powerful polity in the face of a rapid population growth between the 13th and 15th centuries AD. The resultant surplus products entailed a vast and safe network of roads, provided by both entrepreneurs and government. Therefore, it became possible to import more feedstock such as cocoons from water-abundant regions and then export silk textiles with considerable value-added. This article concludes that a similar model of virtual water can remedy the ongoing water crisis in central Iran, where groundwater reserves are overexploited, and many rural and urban centers are teetering on the edge of socio-ecological collapse. History holds an urgent lesson on sustainability for our today’s policy that stubbornly peruses agriculture and other high-water-demand sectors in an arid region whose development has always been dependent on virtual water. |
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2666-6839 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Khaneiki2022358 |
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272 |
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Müller, M.; Alaoui, A.; Külls, C.; Leistert, H.; Meusburger, K.; Stumpp, C.; Weiler, M.; Alewell, C. |
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Tracking water pathways in steep hillslopes by δ18O depth profiles of soil water |
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2014 |
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Journal of hydrology |
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519 |
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340-352 |
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Elsevier |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Mueller2014tracking |
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20 |
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Udluft, P.; Külls, C. |
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Mapping the availability and dynamics of groundwater recharge. Part 1: modelling techniques |
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2000 |
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Proceedings of the Third Congress on Regional Geological Cartography and Information Systems |
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337-340 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Udluft2000mapping |
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64 |
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Priestley, S.C.; Payne, T.E.; Harrison, J.J.; Post, V.E.A.; Shand, P.; Love, A.J.; Wohling, D.L. |
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Use of U-isotopes in exploring groundwater flow and inter-aquifer leakage in the south-western margin of the Great Artesian Basin and Arckaringa Basin, central Australia |
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2018 |
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Applied Geochemistry |
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98 |
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331-344 |
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Activity ratios, Central Australia, Great Artesian Basin, Hydrogeology, Sequential extraction, Uranium isotopes |
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Abstract |
The distribution of uranium isotopes (238U and 234U) in groundwaters of the south-western margin of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), Australia, and underlying Arckaringa Basin were examined using groundwater samples and a sequential extraction of aquifer sediments. Rock weathering, the geochemical environment and α-recoil of daughter products control the 238U and 234U isotope distributions giving rise to large spatial variations. Generally, the shallowest aquifer (J aquifer) contains groundwater with higher 238U activity concentrations and 234U/238U activity ratios close to secular equilibrium. However, the source input of uranium is spatially variable as intermittent recharge from ephemeral rivers passes through rocks that have already undergone extensive weathering and contain low 238U activity concentrations. Other locations in the J aquifer that receive little or no recharge contain higher 238U activity concentrations because uranium from localised uranium-rich rocks have been leached into solution and the geochemical environment allows the uranium to be kept in solution. The geochemical conditions of the deeper aquifers generally result in lower 238U activity concentrations in the groundwater accompanied by higher 234U/238U activity ratios. The sequential extraction of aquifer sediments showed that α-recoil of 234U from the solid mineral phases into the groundwater, rather than dissolution of, or exchange with the groundwater accessible minerals in the aquifer, caused enrichment of groundwater 234U/238U activity ratios in the Boorthanna Formation. Decay of 238U in uranium-rich coatings on J aquifer sediments caused resistant phase 234U/238U activity ratio enrichment. The groundwater 234U/238U activity ratio is dependent on groundwater residence time or flow rate, depending on the flow path trajectory. Thus, uranium isotope variations confirmed earlier groundwater flow interpretations based on other tracers; however, spatial heterogeneity, and the lack of clear regional correlations, made it difficult to identify recharge and inter-aquifer leakage. |
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0883-2927 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ priestley_use_2018 |
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115 |
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