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Author Soh, Q.Y.; O’Dwyer, E.; Acha, S.; Shah, N. url  openurl
  Title Robust optimisation of combined rainwater harvesting and flood mitigation systems Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Water Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 245 Issue Pages 120532  
  Keywords Rainwater harvesting, Flood mitigation, Robust stochastic optimisation, Sustainable environmental engineering, Decision tool, Urban residential estates  
  Abstract Combined large-scale rainwater harvesting (RWH) and flood mitigation systems are promising as a sustainable water management strategy in urban areas. These are multi-purpose infrastructure that not only provide a secondary, localised water resource, but can also reduce discharge and hence loads on any downstream wastewater networks if these are integrated into the wider water network. However, the performance of these systems is dependent on the specific design used for its local catchment which can vary significantly between different implementations. A multitude of design strategies exist, however there is no universally accepted standard framework. To tackle these issues, this paper presents a two-player optimisation framework which utilises a stochastic design optimisation model and a competing, high-intensity rainfall design model to optimise passively-operated RWH systems. A customisable tool set is provided, under which optimisation models specific to a given catchment can be built quickly. This reduces the barriers to implementing computationally complex sizing strategies and encouraging more resource-efficient systems to be built. The framework was applied to a densely populated high-rise residential estate, eliminating overflow events from historical rainfall. The optimised configuration resulted in a 32% increase in harvested water yield, but its ability to meet irrigation demands was limited by the operational levels of the treatment pump. Hence, with the inclusion of operational levels in the optimisation model, the framework can provide an efficient large-scale RWH system that is capable of simultaneously meeting water demands and reducing stresses within and beyond its local catchment.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0043-1354 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Soh2023120532 Serial (down) 243  
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Author Hdeib, R.; Aouad, M. url  openurl
  Title Rainwater harvesting systems: An urban flood risk mitigation measure in arid areas Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Water Science and Engineering Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages 219-225  
  Keywords Rainwater harvesting, Urban floods, Flood map, Hydrodynamic model, Built environment, Arid areas  
  Abstract Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have been developed to compensate for shortage in the water supply worldwide. Such systems are not very common in arid areas, particularly in the Gulf Region, due to the scarcity of rainfall and their reduced efficiency in covering water demand and reducing water consumption rates. In spite of this, RWH systems have the potential to reduce urban flood risks, particularly in densely populated areas. This study aimed to assess the potential use of RWH systems as urban flood mitigation measures in arid areas. Their utility in the retention of stormwater runoff and the reduction of water depth and extent were evaluated. The study was conducted in a residential area in Bahrain that experienced waterlogging after heavy rainfall events. The water demand patterns of housing units were analyzed, and the daily water balance for RWH tanks was evaluated. The effect of the implementation of RWH systems on the flood volume was evaluated with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Flood simulations were conducted in several rainfall scenarios with different probabilities of occurrence. The results showed significant reductions in the flood depth and flood extent, but these effects were highly dependent on the rainfall intensity of the event. RWH systems are effective flood mitigation measures, particularly in urban arid regions short of proper stormwater control infrastructure, and they enhance the resilience of the built environment to urban floods.  
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  ISSN 1674-2370 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Hdeib2023219 Serial (down) 242  
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Author Xiao, L.; Robinson, M.; O’Connor, M. url  openurl
  Title Woodland’s role in natural flood management: Evidence from catchment studies in Britain and Ireland Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Science of The Total Environment Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 813 Issue Pages 151877  
  Keywords Forest harvesting, Streamflow, Natural flood management, Before-after-control-impact, Evidence-based forest impact  
  Abstract Despite the attention currently given to the potential environmental benefits of large-scale forest planting, there is a shortage of clear observational evidence regarding the effects on river flows, and what there is has often been contradictory or inconclusive. This paper presents three independently conducted paired-catchment forestry studies covering 66 station-years of flow measurements in the UK and Ireland. In each case coniferous evergreen trees were removed from one catchment with minimal soil disturbance while the adjoining control catchment was left unchanged. Trees were removed from 20% – 90% of the three experimental basins. Following woodland removal there was an increase in dry weather baseflow at all sites. Baseflows increased by about 8% after tree removal from a quarter of the Hore basin and by 41% for the near-total cut at Howan. But the changes were more complex for peak flows. Tree harvesting increased the smallest and most frequent peak storm flows, indicating that afforestation would lead to the suppression of such events. This was however restricted to events well below the mean annual flood, indicating that the impact of forests upon the largest and most damaging floods is likely to be limited. Whilst a forest cover can be effective in mitigating small and frequent stormflows it should never be assumed to provide protection against major flood events.  
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  ISSN 0048-9697 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Xiao2022151877 Serial (down) 241  
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Author Tamagnone, P.; Comino, E.; Rosso, M. url  openurl
  Title Rainwater harvesting techniques as an adaptation strategy for flood mitigation Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 586 Issue Pages 124880  
  Keywords Rainwater harvesting techniques, Extreme rainfall, Runoff, Hydraulic modelling, Flood mitigation, Arid and semi-arid climate  
  Abstract The development of adaptation and mitigation strategies to tackle anthropic and climate changes impacts is becoming a priority in drought-prone areas. This study examines the capabilities of indigenous rainwater harvesting techniques (RWHT) to be used as a viable solution for flood mitigation. The study analyses the hydraulic performance of the most used micro-catchment RWHT in sub-Saharan regions, in terms of flow peak reduction (FPR) and volume reduction (VR) at the field and basin scale. Parametrized hyetographs were built to replicate the extreme precipitations that strike Sahelian countries during rainy seasons. 2D hydrodynamic simulations showed that half-moons placed with a staggered configuration (S-HM) have the best performances in reducing runoff. At the field scale, S-HM showed a remarkable FPR of 77% and a VR of 70% in case of extreme rainfall. Instead at the basin scale, in which only 5% of the surface was treated, 13% and 8% respectively for FPR and VR were obtained. In addition, the reduction of the runoff coefficient (Rc) between the different configuration was analyzed. The study critically evaluates hydraulic performances of the different techniques and shows how pitting practices cannot guarantee high performance in case of extreme precipitations. These results will enrich the knowledge of the hydraulic behavior of RWHT; aspect marginally investigated in the scientific literature. Moreover, this study presents the first scientific application of HEC-RAS as a rainfall-runoff model. Despite some limitations, this model has the effective feature of using very high-resolution topography as input for hydraulic simulations. The results presented in this study should encourage stakeholders to upscale the use of RWHT in order to lessen the flood hazard and land degradation that oppresses arid and semi-arid areas.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Tamagnone2020124880 Serial (down) 240  
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Author Jamali, B.; Bach, P.M.; Deletic, A. url  openurl
  Title Rainwater harvesting for urban flood management – An integrated modelling framework Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Water Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 171 Issue Pages 115372  
  Keywords Rainwater harvesting tanks, Urban flood simulation, Rapid flood inundation model, Urban flood risk mitigation  
  Abstract It is well known that rainwater harvesting (RWH) can augment water supply and reduce stormwater pollutant discharges. Due to the lack of continuous 2D modelling of urban flood coverage and its associated damage, the ability of RWH to reduce urban flood risks has not been fully evaluated. Literature suggests that small distributed storage spaces using RWH tanks will reduce flood damage only during small to medium flooding events and therefore cumulative assessment of their benefits is needed. In this study we developed a new integrated modelling framework that implements a semi-continuous simulation approach to investigate flood prevention and water supply benefits of RWH tanks. The framework includes a continuous mass balance simulation model that considers antecedent rainfall conditions and water demand/usage of tanks and predicts the available storage prior to each storm event. To do so, this model couples a rainfall-runoff tank storage model with a detailed stochastic end-use water demand model. The available storage capacity of tanks is then used as a boundary condition for the novel rapid flood simulation model. This flood model was developed by coupling the U.S. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to the Cellular-Automata Fast Flood Evaluation (CA-ffé) model to predict the inundation depth caused by surcharges over the capacity of the drainage network. The stage-depth damage curves method was used to calculate time series of flood damage, which are then directly used for flood risk and cost-benefit analysis. The model was tested through a case study in Melbourne, using a recorded rainfall time series of 85 years (after validating the flood model against 1D-2D MIKE-FLOOD). Results showed that extensive implementation of RWH tanks in the study area is economically feasible and can reduce expected annual damage in the catchment by up to approximately 30 percent. Availability of storage space and temporal distribution of rainfall within an event were important factors affecting tank performance for flood reduction.  
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  ISSN 0043-1354 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Jamali2020115372 Serial (down) 239  
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