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Author Martínez-Santos, P.; Martínez-Alfaro, P.E. url  openurl
  Title (up) A priori mapping of historical water-supply galleries based on archive records and sparse material remains. An application to the Amaniel qanat (Madrid, Spain) Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Journal of Cultural Heritage Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 656-664  
  Keywords Hydraulic heritage, Qanat, Groundwater, Foggara, Water-supply, Amaniel, Madrid  
  Abstract Engineering heritage refers to a broad variety of items of social, economic, aesthetic or historic relevance, including roads, dams, buildings and supply networks. Due to their utilitarian nature, their heritage value is often overlooked. This occurs even with those infrastructures that have played an essential role in underpinning the daily existence of entire civilizations. Underground water-supply networks provide an excellent example. Although there are exceptions, water networks tend to be functional in design, rather than monumental. Moreover, they present intricate linear layouts that often span several kilometres. This means they are costly to maintain once their operational life is over, and that they are prone to abandonment and destruction. Devising a priori protection strategies is important to preserve these valuable cultural assets. The following pages present a method to map linear structures based on archive records and sparse material remains. The method is illustrated through its application to the Amaniel qanat, a water-supply gallery built in Madrid, Spain, in the early 17th Century. An appraisal of the known remains was carried out first, leading to an inventory of galleries, shafts, shaft caps and deposits. This was followed by a thorough survey of over one thousand handwritten manuscripts, including physical descriptions of the aqueduct, budget accounts or water metering campaigns, among other documents. Known remains and written evidence were matched against original and auxiliary maps to reconstruct the itinerary of the aqueduct. This led to the identification of sectors where it is still possible to find remains in good condition. Thus, a priori mapping is advocated a valuable technique to locate and preserve these remains, as well as to devise non-invasive surveys and establish heritage protection zones.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1296-2074 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Martinezsantos2014656 Serial 270  
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Author Shams, A. url  openurl
  Title (up) A rediscovered-new ‘Qanat’ system in the High Mountains of Sinai Peninsula, with Levantine reflections Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Journal of Arid Environments Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 110 Issue Pages 69-74  
  Keywords Foggara, Irrigation, Levant, Qanat, Sinai Peninsula  
  Abstract Since the Achaemenid Empire in 532–332 BCE, the ‘Qanat’ became the central irrigation system in the arid and semi-arid lands. Several terms are used for ‘Qanat’ in different regions, including the Karez, Qanat, Falaj type Daudi, Qanat Romani, Fuqara (Foggara), or Khettara as known in Central Asia, Persia, Southeast Arabia, Levant, North Africa, or Morocco respectively. Typically, the ground, spring or surface water (i.e. seasonal floods or river-fed) sources feed similar irrigation system. Based on thirteen years of extensive survey and analysis work (i.e. Sinai Peninsula Research 2000–2013 CE), this paper presents a rediscovered-new Qanat system in the High Mountains of Sinai Peninsula (i.e. UNESCO World Heritage Site ‘WHS’ no. 954) under chronological open question with Levantine reflections. In 1970s CE, the present Sinaitic site of Farsh Abu A’lwan or the anciently known Farsh Shamma’a was archaeologically surveyed without a direct reference to the Qanat system in-situ. Scientifically, it is an argumentative and unique Qanat system in terms of chronology, location (region), site (local-setting), water source, size and household utility. It is the only discovered ‘Qanat’ across the Sinai, connecting the Near East and North Africa.  
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  ISSN 0140-1963 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Shams201469 Serial 248  
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Author Sardo, M.S.; Jalalkamali, N. url  openurl
  Title (up) A system dynamic approach for reservoir impact assessment on groundwater aquifer considering climate change scenario Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Groundwater for Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 17 Issue Pages 100754  
  Keywords System dynamics, Water resources management, Vensim, Management scenarios  
  Abstract With its arid and semi-arid climate, Iran claims about one-third of the world’s average annual precipitation. Accordingly, the present study investigated whether an effective water resources management (WRM) strategy (both groundwater and reservoir resources) could reduce groundwater drawdown while simultaneously providing secure enough water for preservation of agricultural activities and rural settlements. For this purpose, a comprehensive system dynamics (SD) model incorporating reservoir, surface-water, and groundwater resources was developed. Then, the model was implemented for the Nesa plain in Bam County, Iran, as an example. In this plain, the construction of a dam to supply drinking water to the cities of Bam and the Bam Industrial Zone had devastated the environment and human communities in the downstream areas, leading to the depopulation of as many as 104 villages in the Bam region. The results of the SD model revealed that the artificial recharge of the plain groundwater aquifer along with the management of the operation of the wells and increasing productivity would be very effective. In order to estimate future precipitation data, the SDSM statistical exponential microscale model was used to microscale the large CanESM2 scale model under two scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The continuation of the current trend of the groundwater resources in the plain during the next 20 years will also cause a drop in water level of 8.3 m compared with the existing situation and a reduction of 41 m compared with the long-term average of 1980. Based on this modeling effort, upon releasing 60% of river flow, surplus to downstream demand, for recharging aquifer through artificial recharge projects, the rate of water table fall will decline significantly over a 20-year period and the amount of negative aquifer water balance would most likely improve from 65.5 to 35.17 million cubic meters annually.  
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  ISSN 2352-801x ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Shahrokhisardo2022100754 Serial 266  
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Author Dávila, P.; Külls, C.; Weiler, M. url  openurl
  Title (up) A toolkit for groundwater mean residence time interpretation with gaseous tracers Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Computers & Geosciences Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 61 Issue Pages 116-125  
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  Publisher Pergamon Place of Publication Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Davila2013toolkit Serial 22  
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Author Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Yuan, S.; Song, J.; Chen, W.; Dias, D. url  openurl
  Title (up) A two-dimensional experimental study of active progressive failure of deeply buried Qanat tunnels in sandy ground Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Soils and Foundations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 63 Issue 3 Pages 101323  
  Keywords Qanat tunnel, Sand, Failure effect, Soil arching, Model test  
  Abstract As an ancient underground hydraulic engineering facility, the Qanat system has been used to draw groundwater from arid regions. A qanat is a horizontal tunnel with a slight incline that draws groundwater from a higher location and delivers it to lower agricultural land. During long-term water delivery, the qanat tunnel has experienced different degrees of aging and collapse, which may result in the significant ground settlement and even disasters. This paper developed a two-dimensional laboratory system to investigate the influence of progressive failure on the stability of deeply buried qanat tunnels. The developed system is fully instrumented with a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and earth pressure and displacement monitoring. A special cylindrical membrane tube is designed and connected to an advanced pressure–volume controller to simulate the step-wise failure process of the tunnel. Three model tests were conducted on a dry sand considering the buried qanat tunnels at three different depths. Experimental results clearly show the progressive evolution of soil arching effect in the dry sand associated with the progressive failure of the tunnels. The failure of the Qanat ground starts from the vault and develops upwards, which is closely related to the evolution of stress contour at three consecutive stages. Ground surface settlement and volume loss corresponding to three burial depths were compared. A deeply buried qanat tunnel has a small effect on surface settlement. Earth pressure evolution on the 2D plane shows the load redistribution when the qanat collapses. The maximum arch and the initial point of the limit state correspond to a volume loss of 12.5 % and 50 %, respectively. For the collapse of the deep buried qanat tunnel, ground earth pressure evolution can be divided into a stress-increasing region, stress-decreasing region, and no redistribution region. Furthermore, a multi trap-door model considering soil expansion is proposed to describe the progressive failure behavior and its effects.  
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  ISSN 0038-0806 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Zhang2023101323 Serial 274  
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