Abstract: Population increase, climate change and soil impermeability are factors causing floods in large urban centres. Such places also always have water shortage problems. This research aims to evaluate the influence of rainwater harvesting in residential buildings on stormwater in a basin located in southern Brazil (Rio Cachoeira Basin). Urbanised and non-urbanised areas, soil types, curve numbers and time of concentration of each sub-basin were taken into account. Through the HEC-HMS programme, it was possible to calculate hydrographs for the base scenario (when there is no rainwater harvesting). Then, rainwater tanks for the residential buildings were sized using the computer programme Netuno. In the second scenario, there is rainwater harvesting in all residential buildings. Thus, the hydrographs for the second scenario were also calculated. The peak flow reduction potentials for the sub-basins ranged from 2.7% to 14.3%. The highest percentage (14.3%) did not occur in the sub-basin with the most extensive roof area; such highest peak flow reduction occurred in Bom Retiro sub-basin. In Bom Retiro sub-basin, there are more houses than multi-storey residential buildings. Even when considering the full potential of rainwater harvesting for roof areas of all existing buildings in the Rio Cachoeira Basin, the average potential reduction in peak flow was 7.2%. The conclusion is that rainwater tanks in residential buildings have little influence on stormwater runoff, and the stormwater runoff will be less affected when the area of the hydrographic basin is larger. Thus, the reduction in peak flows is insignificant when considering the flooding in the region.

Abstract: The safety of uranium tailings pond is closely related to social stability and economic development, so it is necessary to improve the emergency management of uranium tailings pond to ensure its safety by adjusting the emergency plan. The Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) is used to analyze the structural relationship between the main risk factors leading to the occurrence of emergencies. The results show that attention should be paid to the risk factors originating from humans and infrastructures, and effective management measures should be adopted in the process of emergency management, for example, people build tighter employee access system, clarify the responsibilities of employees at all levels, and improve monitoring and organizational means. According to the results of ISM analysis, a structural risk control system can be constructed, and a defensive barrier that can effectively block the risk coupling transmission can be designed to prevent the risk from being transformed into an event. For other risks, system resilience management should be strengthened to respond to risks. The process is set as emergency response and accident response. Different management objects use different management methods to make emergency management work efficiently.

Abstract: 4He concentrations in excess of the solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere by up to two to three orders of magnitude are observed in the Carrizo Aquifer in Texas, the Ojo Alamo and Nacimiento aquifers in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and the Auob Sandstone Aquifer in Namibia. A simple 4He accumulation model is applied to explain these excess 4He concentrations in terms of both in situ production and a crustal flux across the bottom layer of the aquifer. Results from the model simulations suggest variability in the 4He fluxes, ranging from 6×10−6 cm3 STP cm−2 yr−1 for the Auob Sandstone Aquifer to 3.6×10−7 cm3 STP cm−2 yr−1 for the Carrizo aquifer. For the Ojo Alamo and Nacimiento aquifers an intermediate value of 3×10−6 cm3 STP cm−2 yr−1 was estimated. The contribution of in-situ produced 4He to the measured concentrations was also estimated. This contribution is negligible for the Auob Sandstone Aquifer as compared with both the concentrations measured at the top and bottom of the aquifer for most of the pathway. In the Carrizo aquifer, in-situ produced 4He contributes 27.5% and 15.4%, to the total 4He observed at the top and bottom of the aquifer, respectively. For both aquifers of the San Juan Basin in-situ production almost entirely dominates the 4He concentrations at the top of the aquifer for most of the pathway. In contrast, the internal production is negligible as compared with the measured concentrations at the bottom of these aquifers, reaching, at most, 1.1%. The model simulations require an exponential decrease in the horizontal velocity of the water with increasing recharge distance to reproduce the distribution of 4He in these aquifers. For the Auob Sandstone Aquifer the highest range in the velocity values is obtained (25 to 0.4 m yr−1). The simulations for the Carrizo aquifer and both aquifers located in the San Juan Basin require velocities varying from 4 to 0.1 m yr−1, and from 2 to 0.3 m yr−1, respectively. For each aquifer, average permeability values were also estimated. They are generally in agreement with results obtained from pumping tests, hydrodynamic modeling and previous 14C measurements. On the basis of the results obtained by calibrating the model with the measured 4He concentrations, the mean water residence times were estimated. They agree reasonably well with 14C ages. When applied as chronologies for noble gas temperatures in the same aquifers, the calculated 4He ages allow the identification of three different climate periods similar to those previously identified using 14C ages: (1) the Holocene period (0–10 Ka BP), (2) the Last Glacial Maximum (≈18 Ka BP), and (3) the preceeding period (30–150 Ka BP).

Abstract: Study region Africa, Latin America, Europe. Study focus Through the extensive study and mapping of the world’s aquifers that lie astride the international boundary lines of sovereign States, ISARM has awakened concerned States to the existence of aquifers stretching beyond their borders, and precipitated cooperation in generating a body of knowledge that facilitated cooperation in governance arrangements for such aquifers. In parallel, ISARM influenced the shape and direction of the United Nations “Draft articles on the law of transboundary aquifers” appended to UN Resolution 63/124 of 2008. Both stimulated cooperation among concerned States, and provided a frame of reference for the legal grounding of such cooperation in aquifer-specific agreements. New hydrological insights Through this synergistic paradigm, ISARM has made an impact on the shape and direction of cooperation in the Guaraní Aquifer in South America, and in the Iullemeden and Taoudeni/Tanezrouft Aquifer Systems (ITAS) in the Sahel region of Africa. It is having an influence on the shape and direction of cooperation being negotiated on the Stampriet Aquifer System in Southern Africa, and on the Ocotepeque-Citalá Aquifer in Central America. The link of ISARM to other international aquifer agreements on record is tenuous, and ISARM’s influence on their generation speculative. The visibility of ISARM has faded since 2012, however its legacy is lasting.

Abstract: Analyses of satellite data mainly over the world’s ocean surfaces have shown that during 1986–2006 global average values of atmospheric water vapor, precipitation and evaporation have increased at a relative rate of 0.0013a−1; this is roughly in accordance with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation for the average temperature trend during this period, and amounts to 0.065K−1 at the average temperature of T=14∘C. Application of this concept over the world’s land surfaces yields an average global evaporation trend during the past half century of around 0.4 to 0.5 mma−2; this confirms the values obtained in previous studies with totally different methods.