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Author Ubierna, J.A.J. url  openurl
  Title Tunnel heritage in Spain: Roots of the underground Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages 131-141  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Spain has deep roots in the underground. The territory of myth and legend, of cave and tunnel, has existed in Spain since that ancient time overwhelmed with shreds of fog, where all was myth around heros like Túbal Hércules, Gárgoris and Abidis. The underground evokes strong links with life and death, light and darkness, and has served as a source of inspiration for art through the centuries. The history of tunnels in Spain reflects the mosaic of cultures that have inhabited Iberia from prehistoric times till today. This contribution on the subterranean History of Spain traces the country’s heritage in the form of natural caves, troglodyte dwellings, mining, crypts, galleries in fortresses and castles, aqueducts, qanats, cellars, and other landmarks.  
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  ISSN 0886-7798 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Ubierna1998131 Serial 260  
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Author Sedghi, M.M.; Zhan, H. url  openurl
  Title Semi-analytical solutions of discharge variation of a qanat in an unconfined aquifer subjected to general areal recharge and nearby pumping well discharge Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 584 Issue Pages 124691  
  Keywords Analytical solution, Laplace domain, Screen segmentation, Qanat, Areal recharge, Constant head  
  Abstract Qanat is a type of drain that extract water from aquifers by gravity. Significant amount of fresh water used in Middle East and other parts of the world are supplied by qanats. Despite their importance, discharge variation of these type of wells received almost no attention. The aim of this research is to obtain a Laplace domain solution of discharge variation of a qanat installed in an anisotropic unconfined aquifer subjected to arbitrary areal recharge and nearby pumping well(s) discharge. A new semi-analytical solution of drawdown is obtained first to implement the effects of arbitrary areal recharge and nearby pumping well(s) using the principle of superposition. Then, the discharge variation solution of the qanat is obtained from the drawdown solution. To establish a constant-head boundary condition at the qanat periphery, the qanat is discretized into several segments. The results of this study are presented in dimensionless discharge-dimensionless time curves. The effects of hydraulic as well as geometric parameters on the discharge variation of the qanat due to arbitrary areal recharge, falling of water table from its initial position and discharge of nearby wells are explored. We also investigate the influences of distance and screen depth and location of the nearby well on the discharge variation of the qanat. The results of this study can be utilized for multiple purposes: 1) to predict discharge of qanat in response to rainfall and nearby pumping well(s); 2) to estimate the aquifer parameters using hydrograph of the qanat; 3) to determine optimal location and pumping pattern of the nearby wells to minimize their influences on the discharge of the qanat; 4) to calculate water budget of aquifers drained by a qanat. The equation presented in this work can also be used to estimate discharge of a horizontal drain installed in cropland subjected to arbitrary irrigation pattern.  
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  ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Sedghi2020124691 Serial 261  
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Author Rubin, R. url  openurl
  Title Water conservation methods in Israel’s Negev desert in late antiquity Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Journal of Historical Geography Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages 229-244  
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  Abstract Settlement in Israel’s Negev desert historically has been dependent on water conservation techniques. Fieldwork carried out on settlement sites constructed during the Byzantine period, when agriculture and trade flourished, revealed a variety of water installations some of which are in use today. Perennial springs in the Negev are generally small and difficult of access. Cisterns were the most common conservation devices and came in both large, enclosed and single, open forms. Cisterns were common particularly in the towns, where they were usually built as part of house foundations. Dams were discovered at several sites but proved to be inefficient and easily abandoned because of evaporation and siltation problems. Public reservoirs were part of the structure of the largest towns and were open and among the larges structures uncovered at settlement sites. Wells were distributed widely throughout the desert and were part of the only conservation system that did not depend directly on surface rainfall. A qanat system was located in the eastern Negev dating from the late settlement period before the area was abandoned at the turn of the eighth century. These various water systems raise questions about their builders and their origins, and suggests that builders originating in more humid Mediterranean environments tended to produce less adaptable installations than builders derived from the south or the east.  
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  ISSN 0305-7488 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Rubin1988229 Serial 262  
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Author Carrión, A.; Fornes, A. url  openurl
  Title Underground medieval water distribution network in a Spanish town Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 51 Issue Pages 90-97  
  Keywords Water distribution, Underground cistern, Medieval tunnel  
  Abstract The city of Alcudia de Crespins, in the centre of the Valencia province (east of Spain), has an exceptional water distribution system that in the past served fresh water to many houses in the town. This system is formed by more than one km of tunnels and underground cisterns, and dates probably in the late medieval times, while it has been in use and suffering modifications until 1955. This paper presents the structure and characteristics of such exceptional system, and explains the functioning parameters of the infrastructure.  
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  ISSN 0886-7798 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Carrion201690 Serial 264  
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Author Sardo, M.S.; Jalalkamali, N. url  openurl
  Title A system dynamic approach for reservoir impact assessment on groundwater aquifer considering climate change scenario Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Groundwater for Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 17 Issue Pages 100754  
  Keywords System dynamics, Water resources management, Vensim, Management scenarios  
  Abstract With its arid and semi-arid climate, Iran claims about one-third of the world’s average annual precipitation. Accordingly, the present study investigated whether an effective water resources management (WRM) strategy (both groundwater and reservoir resources) could reduce groundwater drawdown while simultaneously providing secure enough water for preservation of agricultural activities and rural settlements. For this purpose, a comprehensive system dynamics (SD) model incorporating reservoir, surface-water, and groundwater resources was developed. Then, the model was implemented for the Nesa plain in Bam County, Iran, as an example. In this plain, the construction of a dam to supply drinking water to the cities of Bam and the Bam Industrial Zone had devastated the environment and human communities in the downstream areas, leading to the depopulation of as many as 104 villages in the Bam region. The results of the SD model revealed that the artificial recharge of the plain groundwater aquifer along with the management of the operation of the wells and increasing productivity would be very effective. In order to estimate future precipitation data, the SDSM statistical exponential microscale model was used to microscale the large CanESM2 scale model under two scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The continuation of the current trend of the groundwater resources in the plain during the next 20 years will also cause a drop in water level of 8.3 m compared with the existing situation and a reduction of 41 m compared with the long-term average of 1980. Based on this modeling effort, upon releasing 60% of river flow, surplus to downstream demand, for recharging aquifer through artificial recharge projects, the rate of water table fall will decline significantly over a 20-year period and the amount of negative aquifer water balance would most likely improve from 65.5 to 35.17 million cubic meters annually.  
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  ISSN 2352-801x ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Shahrokhisardo2022100754 Serial 266  
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