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Botha, R.; Lindsay, R.; Newman, R.T.; Maleka, P.P.; Chimba, G. |
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Title |
Radon in groundwater baseline study prior to unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo Basin (South Africa) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication  |
Applied Radiation and Isotopes |
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147 |
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7-13 |
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The prospect of unconventional shale gas development in the semi-arid Karoo Basin (South Africa) has created the prerequisite to temporally characterise the natural radioactivity in associated groundwater which is solely depended on for drinking and agriculture purposes. Radon (222Rn) was the primary natural radionuclide of interest in this study; however, supplementary radium (226Ra and 228Ra) in-water measurements were also conducted. A total of 53 aquifers spanning three provinces were studied during three separate measurement campaigns from 2014 to 2016. The Karoo Basin’s natural radon-in-water levels can be characterised by a minimum of 1 ± 1 Bq/L (consistent with zero or below LLD), a maximum of 183 ± 18 Bq/L and mean of 41 ± 5 Bq/L. The mean radon-in-water levels for shallow aquifers were systematically higher (55 ± 10 Bq/L) compared to deep (14 ± 3 Bq/L) or mixed aquifers (20 ± 6 Bq/L). Radon-in-water activity concentration fluctuations were predominantly observed from shallow aquifers compared to the generally steady levels of deep aquifers. A collective seasonal mean radon-in-water levels increase from the winter of 2014 (44 ± 8 Bq/L) to winter of 2016 (61 ± 16 Bq/L) was noticed which could be related to the extreme national drought experienced in 2015. Radium-in-water (228Ra and 226Ra) levels ranged from below detection level to a maximum of 0.008 Bq/L (226Ra) and 0.015 Bq/L (228Ra). The 228Ra/226Ra ratio was characterised by a minimum of 0.93, a maximum of 6.5 and a mean value of 3.3 ± 1.3. Developing and improving baseline naturally occurring radionuclide groundwater databases is vital to study potential radiological environmental impacts attributed to industrial processes such as hydraulic fracturing or mining. |
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0969-8043 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ botha_radon_2019 |
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169 |
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Romeo, N.; Mabry, J.; Hillegonds, D.; Kainz, G.; Jaklitsch, M.; Matsumoto, T. |
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Title |
Developments of a field gas extraction device and krypton purification system for groundwater radio-krypton dating at the IAEA |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Applied Radiation and Isotopes |
Abbreviated Journal |
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189 |
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110450 |
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The long-lived radio-krypton isotope 81Kr (t1/2 = 2.29 × 105 yr) is an ideal tracer for old groundwater age dating in the range of 105–106 years which goes beyond the reach of radio-carbon (14C) age dating. Analytical breakthrough made over the last two decades in Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA) has enabled the use of this isotope with extremely low abundance (81Kr/Kr = 6 × 10−13) to be used as a practical dating tool for very old groundwater. The International Atomic Energy Agency aims to provide this new isotope tool for better groundwater resource management of Member States and developed a field sampling device to collect dissolved gas samples from groundwater and a system to separate and purify trace amounts of krypton from the gas samples for the ATTA analysis. The design, setup and performances of our sampling and purification systems are described here. Our system can produce a high purity aliquot of about 5 μL of krypton from 5 L of air sample (recovery yield of >90%). The samples made by our system were confirmed to be acceptable for the ATTA analysis. |
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0969-8043 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Romeo2022110450 |
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214 |
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Robati, A.; Barani, G.A. |
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Modeling of water surface profile in subterranean channel by differential quadrature method (DQM) |
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Year |
2009 |
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Applied Mathematical Modelling |
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33 |
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3 |
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1295-1305 |
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Subterranean channel, Qanat, Differential quadrature method, Water surface profile, Porous media |
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This study, investigates the hydraulic of flow in a subterranean channel headspring. The continuity and momentum equations of flow in porous media considering real conditions were used and the basic equation of flow in a subterranean channel was resulted. This equation is very similar to the spatially varied flow with increasing discharge. An equation, defining the hydraulic parameters of a subterranean channel section was adopted. Then differential quadrature method (DQM), was applied to the equation of flow in subterranean channel, consequently the water surface profile was resulted. To illustrate the rightness of model, the hydraulic parameters of flow in the Gavgard branch of the Joopar Goharriz Qanat were measured and the water surface profile was determined. This water surface profile was compared to the water surface profile computed by the model, which are in good agreement. |
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0307-904x |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Robati20091295 |
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249 |
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Author |
Christofi, C.; Bruggeman, A.; Külls, C.; Constantinou, C. |
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Title |
Hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in gabbro of the Troodos Fractured Aquifer. A comprehensive approach |
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2020 |
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Applied Geochemistry |
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114 |
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104524 |
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geochemistry |
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Pergamon |
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English |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Christofi2020hydrochemical |
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13 |
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Christofi, C.; Bruggeman, A.; Külls, C.; Constantinou, C. |
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Isotope hydrology and hydrogeochemical modeling of Troodos Fractured Aquifer, Cyprus: The development of hydrogeological descriptions of observed water types |
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2020 |
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Applied Geochemistry |
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123 |
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104780 |
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Isotope hydrology, Hydrogeochemical modelling, Hydrochemistry, Kargiotis, Troodos |
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The origin of groundwater recharge and subsequent flow paths are often difficult to establish in fractured, multi-lithological, and highly compartmentalized aquifers such as the Troodos Fractured Aquifer (TFA). As the conjunctive use of stable isotopes and hydrogeochemical data provides additional information, we established a monitoring network for stable isotopes in precipitation in Cyprus. The local meteoric water line, altitude effect and seasonal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation are derived from monitoring data. Stable isotopes and hydrogeochemical data are combined to model water-rock interactions and groundwater evolution along a complete ophiolite sequence. As a result a generic hydrogeologic description for the observed water types is developed. Isotope hydrology was applied in conjunction with hydrogeochemical modelling in Kargiotis Watershed, a major north-south transect of the TFA. PHREEQC was used for hydrogeochemical modelling to establish generic descriptions for observed water types. Mean precipitation-weighted values from 16 monitoring stations were used to calculate the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL), which was found to be equal to δ2H = (6.58 ± 0.13)*δ18O + (12.64 ± 0.91). A general decrease of 1.22‰ for δ2H and 0.20‰ for δ18O in precipitation was calculated per 100 m altitude. A generic groundwater evolution path was established: 1. Na/MgClHCO3, 2. MgHCO3, 3. Ca/MgHCO3, 4. Ca/MgNaHCO3, 4a. MgNa/CaHCO3/Cl, 5. NaMg/CaHCO3/Cl, 6. NaHCO3, 7. Na/MgHCO3SO4, 8. NaSO4Cl/HCO3. Hydrogeologic descriptions, consisting of groundwater origin, flow path and possible active water-rock processes, have been realised for the observed water types. The first two water types occur in serpentine and ultramafic-gabbro springs. Type 3 waters represent early stages of recharge and/or short flow paths, in gabbro whereas types 4 and 5 are typical for further percolating waters in gabbro and diabase. Water types 6 and 7 occur both in diabase and in the basal group and represent the regional flow. Water type 8 is the end member of regional, upwelling groundwater in the basal group. The presented descriptions and methods have practical applications in groundwater exploration, characterization, and protection. The methodology can be applied in other complex aquifer systems. |
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english |
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english |
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0883-2927 |
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Cyprus |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Christofi2020104780 |
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76 |
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