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Author |
Haque, N.; Norgate, T. |
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Title |
The greenhouse gas footprint of in-situ leaching of uranium, gold and copper in Australia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Journal of Cleaner Production |
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84 |
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382-390 |
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Copper, GHG emission, Gold, In-situ leaching, LCA, Uranium |
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Abstract |
In-situ leaching (ISL) is a chemical method for recovering useful minerals and metals directly from underground ore bodies which is also referred to as ‘solution mining’. ISL is commonly used for uranium mining, accounting for about 45% of global production. The main benefits are claimed to be a lower environmental impact in terms of visual disturbances, emissions, lower energy use, cost compared with conventional open-cut or underground mining methods, and potential utilisation of lower grade resources. However, there is a lack of reported studies on the assessment of the environmental impacts of ISL, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The SimaPro LCA software was used to estimate the GHG footprint of the ISL of uranium, gold and copper. The total GHG emissions were estimated to be 38.0 kg CO2-e/kg U3O8 concentrate (yellowcake), 29 t CO2-e/kg gold, and 4.78 kg CO2-e/kg Cu. The GHG footprint of ISL uranium was significantly lower than that of conventional mining, however, the footprints of copper and gold were not much less compared with conventional mining methods. This is due to the lower ore grade of ISL deposits and recovery compared with high ore grades and recovery of conventional technology. Additionally, the use of large amount of electricity for pumping in case of ISL contributes to this result. The electricity consumed in pumping leaching solutions was by far the greatest contributor to the well-field related activities associated with ISL of uranium, gold and copper. The main strategy to reduce the GHG footprint of ISL mining should be to use electricity derived from low emission sources. In particular, renewable sources such as solar would be suitable for ISL as these operations are typically in remote locations with smaller deposits compared with conventional mining sites. |
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0959-6526 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ haque_greenhouse_2014 |
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208 |
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Klimkova, S.; Cernik, M.; Lacinova, L.; Filip, J.; Jancik, D.; Zboril, R. |
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Title |
Zero-valent iron nanoparticles in treatment of acid mine water from in situ uranium leaching |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Chemosphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
82 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1178-1184 |
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Keywords |
Acid mine water, Contaminant removal, Surface stabilizing shell, Water treatment, Zero-valent iron nanoparticles |
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Abstract |
Acid mine water from in situ chemical leaching of uranium (Straz pod Ralskem, Czech Republic) was treated in laboratory scale experiments by zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI). For the first time, nZVI were applied for the treatment of the real acid water system containing the miscellaneous mixture of pollutants, where the various removal mechanisms occur simultaneously. Toxicity of the treated saline acid water is caused by major contaminants represented by aluminum and sulphates in a high concentration, as well as by microcontaminants like As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, U, V, and Zn. Laboratory batch experiments proved a significant decrease in concentrations of all the monitored pollutants due to an increase in pH and a decrease in oxidation–reduction potential related to an application of nZVI. The assumed mechanisms of contaminants removal include precipitation of cations in a lower oxidation state, precipitation caused by a simple pH increase and co-precipitation with the formed iron oxyhydroxides. The possibility to control the reaction kinetics through the nature of the surface stabilizing shell (polymer vs. FeO nanolayer) is discussed as an important practical aspect. |
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0045-6535 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ klimkova_zero-valent_2011 |
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196 |
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Rajfur, M.; Kłos, A.; Wacławek, M. |
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Title |
Sorption properties of algae Spirogyra sp. and their use for determination of heavy metal ions concentrations in surface water |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Bioelectrochemistry |
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80 |
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1 |
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81-86 |
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Biomonitoring, Heavy metal ions, Algae sp., Sorption kinetics, Langmuir isotherm |
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Kinetics of heavy-metal ions sorption by alga Spirogyra sp. was evaluated experimentally in the laboratory, using both the static and the dynamic approach. The metal ions – Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ – were sorbed from aqueous solutions of their salts. The static experiments showed that the sorption equilibria were attained in 30min, with 90-95% of metal ions sorbed in first 10min of each process. The sorption equilibria were approximated with the Langmuir isotherm model. The algae sorbed each heavy metal ions proportionally to the amount of this metal ions in solution. The experiments confirmed that after 30min of exposition to contaminated water, the concentration of heavy metal ions in the algae, which initially contained small amounts of these metal ions, increased proportionally to the concentration of metal ions in solution. The presented results can be used for elaboration of a method for classification of surface waters that complies with the legal regulations. |
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1567-5394 |
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A Selection of Papers presented at the 4th International Workshop on Surface Modification for Chemical and Biochemical Sensing (SMCBS 2009) |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Rajfur201081 |
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283 |
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Author |
Jaireth, S.; Roach, I.C.; Bastrakov, E.; Liu, S. |
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Title |
Basin-related uranium mineral systems in Australia: A review of critical features |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Ore Geology Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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76 |
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360-394 |
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Keywords |
Australia’s uranium deposits, Calcrete-uranium, Sandstone-hosted uranium, Unconformity-related uranium |
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Abstract |
This paper reviews critical features of basin-related uranium mineral systems in Australia. These mineral systems include Proterozoic unconformity-related uranium systems formed predominantly from diagenetic fluids expelled from sandstones overlying the unconformity, sandstone-hosted uranium systems formed from the influx of oxidised groundwaters through sandstone aquifers, and calcrete uranium systems formed from oxidised groundwaters flowing through palaeochannel aquifers (sand and calcrete). The review uses the so-called ‘source-pathway-trap’ paradigm to summarise critical features of fertile mineral systems. However, the scheme is expanded to include information on the geological setting, age and relative timing of mineralisation, and preservation of mineral systems. The critical features are also summarised in three separate tables. These features can provide the basis to conduct mineral potential and prospectivity analysis in an area. Such analysis requires identification of mappable signatures of above-mentioned critical features in geological, geophysical and geochemical datasets. The review of fertile basin-related systems shows that these systems require the presence of at least four ingredients: a source of leachable uranium (and vanadium and potassium for calcrete-uranium deposits); suitable hydrological architecture enabling connection between the source and the sink (site of accumulation); physical and chemical sinks or traps; and a post-mineralisation setting favourable for preservation. The review also discusses factors that may control the efficiency of mineral systems, assuming that world-class deposits result from more efficient mineral systems. The review presents a brief discussion of factors which may have controlled the formation of large deposits in the Lake Frome region in South Australia, the Chu-Sarysu and Syrdarya Basins in Kazakhstan and calcrete uranium deposits in the Yilgarn region, Western Australia. |
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0169-1368 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ jaireth_basin-related_2016 |
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139 |
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de Jong, I.J.H.; Arif, S.S.; Gollapalli, P.K.R.; Neelam, P.; Nofal, E.R.; Reddy, K.Y.; Röttcher, K.; Zohrabi, N. |
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Title |
Improving agricultural water productivity with a focus on rural transformation* |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
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Irrigation and Drainage |
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70 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
458-469 |
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irrigation efficiency, water productivity, rural transformation, efficacité de l’irrigation, productivité de l’eau, transformation rurale |
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ABSTRACT As a result of population growth, economic development and climate change, feeding the world and providing water security will require important changes in the technologies, institutions, policies and incentives that drive present-day water management, as captured in Goal 6.4 of the Millennium Development Goals. Irrigation is the largest and most inefficient water user, and there is an expectation that even small improvements in agricultural water productivity will improve water security. This paper argues that improvements in irrigation water productivity involves a complex and comprehensive rural transformation that goes beyond mere promotion of water saving technologies. Many of the measures to improve water productivity require significant changes in the production systems of farmers and in the support provided to them. Looking forward, water use and competition over water are expected to further increase. By 2025, about 1.8 billion people will be living in regions or countries with absolute water scarcity. Demand for water will rise exponentially, while supply becomes more erratic and uncertain, prompting the need for significant shifts of inter-sectoral water allocation to support continued economic growth. Advances in the use of remote sensing technologies will make it increasingly possible to cost-effectively and accurately estimate crop evapotranspiration from farmers’ fields. |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2451 |
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89 |
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Strandmann, P.A.E.P. von; Reynolds, B.C.; Porcelli, D.; James, R.H.; Calsteren, P. van; Baskaran, M.; Burton, K.W. |
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Assessing continental weathering rates and actinide transport in the Great Artesian Basin |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |
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70 |
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18, Supplement |
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497 |
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0016-7037 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ strandmann_assessing_2006 |
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116 |
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Author |
French, K. |
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Title |
Indigenous knowledge, water management, and learning from our collective past |
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Journal Article |
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2022 |
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Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |
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68 |
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101466 |
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0278-4165 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ French2022101466 |
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253 |
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Heaton, T.H.E. |
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Sources of the nitrate in phreatic groundwater in the western Kalahari |
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1984 |
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Journal of Hydrology |
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67 |
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1 |
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249-259 |
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Elevated levels of nitrate occur in phreatic groundwater in the western Kalahari, Namibia. Nitrate in water containing 0.4–3.1 meq NO−3l−1, of widespread occurrence, has δ15N values in the range +4.9 to +8.0‰, suggesting natural derivation from the soil. The sporadic occurrence of very high levels of nitrate (> 4 meq NO−3l−1), which has δ15N between +9.3 to +18.7‰, reflects pollution derived from animal waste. The importance of considering the possible isotopic effects of denitrification, and the significance of leaching in the nitrogen budget of the Kalahari soil, are also discussed. |
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0022-1694 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Heaton1984249 |
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278 |
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Vogel, J.C.; Talma, A.S.; Heaton, T.H.E.; Kronfeld, J. |
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Evaluating the rate of migration of an uranium deposition front within the Uitenhage Aquifer |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Journal of Geochemical Exploration |
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66 |
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1 |
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269-276 |
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redox changes in aquifer, sandstone-type uranium deposit, South Africa, uranium series |
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The solubility of uranium in groundwater is very sensitive to changes in redox conditions. Many secondary (sandstone-type) uranium deposits have been formed when soluble U has precipitated after encountering reducing conditions in the subsurface. In the groundwater of the Uitenhage Aquifer (Cape Province, South Africa), 238U-series isotopes were used to assist in studying the history of the reducing barrier. Uranium isotopes were used to determine the present position of the barrier. Radium and radon were used to evaluate the path of migration that the front of the oxygen depletion zone has taken over the past 105 years. During this time the reducing barrier has moved, leaving in its wake a trail of U in various stages of secular equilibrium with its daughter 230Th. The 226Ra daughter of 230Th is not very mobile. Its growth upon the aquifer wall is reflected in the Rn content of the water. This in turn, due to the relatively great age of the water, indicates the extent of the 230Th ingrowth (from precipitated U) that took place before the barrier migrated. |
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0375-6742 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ vogel_evaluating_1999 |
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126 |
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Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Yuan, S.; Song, J.; Chen, W.; Dias, D. |
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A two-dimensional experimental study of active progressive failure of deeply buried Qanat tunnels in sandy ground |
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Journal Article |
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2023 |
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Soils and Foundations |
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63 |
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3 |
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101323 |
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Qanat tunnel, Sand, Failure effect, Soil arching, Model test |
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As an ancient underground hydraulic engineering facility, the Qanat system has been used to draw groundwater from arid regions. A qanat is a horizontal tunnel with a slight incline that draws groundwater from a higher location and delivers it to lower agricultural land. During long-term water delivery, the qanat tunnel has experienced different degrees of aging and collapse, which may result in the significant ground settlement and even disasters. This paper developed a two-dimensional laboratory system to investigate the influence of progressive failure on the stability of deeply buried qanat tunnels. The developed system is fully instrumented with a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and earth pressure and displacement monitoring. A special cylindrical membrane tube is designed and connected to an advanced pressure–volume controller to simulate the step-wise failure process of the tunnel. Three model tests were conducted on a dry sand considering the buried qanat tunnels at three different depths. Experimental results clearly show the progressive evolution of soil arching effect in the dry sand associated with the progressive failure of the tunnels. The failure of the Qanat ground starts from the vault and develops upwards, which is closely related to the evolution of stress contour at three consecutive stages. Ground surface settlement and volume loss corresponding to three burial depths were compared. A deeply buried qanat tunnel has a small effect on surface settlement. Earth pressure evolution on the 2D plane shows the load redistribution when the qanat collapses. The maximum arch and the initial point of the limit state correspond to a volume loss of 12.5 % and 50 %, respectively. For the collapse of the deep buried qanat tunnel, ground earth pressure evolution can be divided into a stress-increasing region, stress-decreasing region, and no redistribution region. Furthermore, a multi trap-door model considering soil expansion is proposed to describe the progressive failure behavior and its effects. |
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0038-0806 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Zhang2023101323 |
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274 |
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