Orloff, K. G., Mistry, K., Charp, P., Metcalf, S., Marino, R., Shelly, T., et al. (2004). Human exposure to uranium in groundwater. Environmental Research, 94(3), 319–326.
Abstract: High concentrations of uranium (mean=620μg/L) were detected in water samples collected from private wells in a residential community. Based on isotopic analyses, the source of the uranium contamination appeared to be from naturally occurring geological deposits. In homes where well water concentrations of uranium exceeded the drinking water standard, the residents were advised to use an alternate water source for potable purposes. Several months after the residents had stopped drinking the water, urine samples were collected and tested for uranium. Elevated concentrations of uranium (mean=0.40μg/g creatinine) were detected in urine samples, and 85 percent of the urine uranium concentrations exceeded the 95th percentile concentration of a national reference population. Urine uranium concentrations were positively correlated with water uranium concentrations, but not with the participants’ ages or how long they had been drinking the water. Six months later, a second urine sample was collected and tested for uranium. Urine uranium concentrations decreased in most (63 percent) of the people. In those people with the highest initial urine uranium concentrations, the urine levels decreased an average of 78 percent. However, urine uranium concentrations remained elevated (mean=0.27μg/g), and 87 percent of the urine uranium concentrations exceeded the 95th percentile concentration of the reference population. The results of this investigation demonstrated that after long-term ingestion of uranium in drinking water, elevated concentrations of uranium in urine could be detected up to 10 months after exposure had stopped.
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Döll, P., Krol, M., Fuhr, D., Gaiser, T., Herfort, J., Höynck, S., et al. (2003). Integrated scenarios of regional development in Ceará and Piauí. In Global Change and Regional Impacts (pp. 19–41). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
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Voerkelius, S., Külls, C., Santiago, M. M. F., Frischkorn, H., dos Santos Semrau, L. A., Heinrichs, G., et al. (2003). Investigations on water management and water quality in Picos/PI and Tauá/CE. In Global change and regional impacts (pp. 173–184). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
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Edmunds, W. M., Shand, P., Hart, P., & Ward, R. S. (2003). The natural (baseline) quality of groundwater: a UK pilot study. Science of The Total Environment, 310(1), 25–35.
Abstract: Knowledge of the natural baseline quality of groundwaters is an essential prerequisite for understanding pollution and for imposing regulatory limits. The natural baseline of groundwaters may show a range of concentrations depending on aquifer mineralogy, facies changes, flow paths and residence time. The geochemical controls on natural concentrations are discussed and an approach to defining baseline concentrations using geochemical and statistical tools is proposed. The approach is illustrated using a flowline from the Chalk aquifer in Berkshire, UK where aerobic and anaerobic sections of the aquifer are separately considered. The baseline concentrations for some elements are close to atmospheric values whereas others evolve through time-dependent water–rock interaction. Certain solutes (K, NH4+), often considered contaminants, reach naturally high concentrations due to geochemical controls; transition metal concentrations are generally low, although their concentrations may be modified by redox controls. It is recommended that the baseline approach be incorporated into future management strategies, notably monitoring.
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Adar, E. M., & Külls, C. (2002). MCM sf–Mixing-cell model for a steady flow MIG–Mixing-cell input generator: A short manual for installation and operation of MCM sf using the MIG–mixing-cell input generator.
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