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Author Naghedifar, S.M.; Ziaei, A.N.; Naghedifar, S.A.; Ansari, H.
Title A new model for simulation of collection and conveyance sections of Qanat Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 590 Issue Pages 125218
Keywords Richards’ equation, Saint-Venant equation, Numerical modeling, Qanat-aquifer system
Abstract (up) In this paper, a new numerical model has been developed for simulation of Qanat-aquifer system. This model employs quasi-3D mixed-form of Richards’ equation and 1D fully-hydrodynamic form of Saint-Venant equations to simulate subsurface and overland flow, respectively. In order to handle non-orthogonal grids, subsurface flow module benefits from coordinate transformation technique. Using the above-mentioned governing equations, the presented model is able to simulate water flow inside both collection and conveyance sections of the gallery as well as dynamics of groundwater and vadose zone from impermeable bed rock to the soil-air interface. Since measured data corresponding to the hydraulics of Qanats is scarce, the overland and subsurface modules have been validated with analytical, numerical and experimental benchmarks in the literature. Subsequently, the model was employed to simulate ten different hypothetical aquifer-Qanat systems with different properties including the depth of groundwater aquifer, roughness of the gallery and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the gallery-aquifer boundary and the influence of each the parameters was monitored on the outflow rate at the appearance point of each Qanat. Furthermore, the advance of water inside two initially dry galleries were simulated at different time levels up to steady state. Eventually, the streamlines have been shown at the steady state for two Qanat-aquifer systems. Although, the presented study sheds light on some aspects of Qanat-aquifer hydraulics, the validation of the presented model with in-lab or on-field data remains ongoing for the future researches.
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ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Naghedifar2020125218 Serial 254
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Author Frumkin, A.; Gvirtzman, H.
Title Cross-formational rising groundwater at an artesian karstic basin: the Ayalon Saline Anomaly, Israel Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 318 Issue 1 Pages 316-333
Keywords Confined karst, Groundwater, HS, Maze caves, Rising water, Yarkon–Taninim aquifer
Abstract (up) It is proposed that a geothermal artesian karstic system at the central part of the Yarkon–Taninim aquifer creates the ‘Ayalon Saline Anomaly’ (ASA), whose mechanism has been under debate for several decades. A 4-year-long detailed groundwater monitoring was carried out at 68 new shallow boreholes in the Ayalon region, accompanied by a comprehensive survey of karstic voids. Results indicate the rising of warm-brackish groundwater through highly permeable swarms of karstic shafts, serving as an outflow of the artesian geothermal system. The ASA area contains ‘hot spots’, where groundwater contrasts with ‘normal’ water hundreds of meters away. The ASA temperature reaches 30°C (∼5°C warmer than its surroundings), chloride concentration reaches 528mg/l (50–100mg/l in the surrounding), H2S concentration reaches 5.6mg/l (zero all around) and pH value is 7.0 (compared with 7.8 around). Subsequently, the hydrothermal water flows laterally of at the watertable horizon through horizontal conduits, mixing with ‘normal’ fresh water which had circulated at shallow depth. Following rainy seasons, maximal watertable rise is observed in the ASA compared to its surroundings. Regional hydrogeology considerations suggest that the replenishment area for the ASA water is at the Samaria Mountains, east of the ASA. The water circulates to a great depth while flowing westward, and a cross-formational upward flow is then favored close the upper sub-aquifer’s confinement border.
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ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ frumkin_cross-formational_2006 Serial 117
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Author Musy, S.; Meyzonnat, G.; Barbecot, F.; Hunkeler, D.; Sültenfuss, J.; Solomon, D.K.; Purtschert, R.
Title In-situ sampling for krypton-85 groundwater dating Type Journal Article
Year 2021 Publication Journal of Hydrology X Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 100075
Keywords Noble gases, Tracers, Groundwater, Dating, Sampling Methodology
Abstract (up) Krypton-85 and other radioactive noble gases are widely used for groundwater dating purposes. 85Kr analysis require large volumes of water to reach the analytical requirements. Conventionally, this water is pumped to the surface to be degassed with a gas extraction system. The large pumping rate may disturb the natural flow field and requires substantial field logistics. Hence, we propose a new in-situ degassing method, in which membrane contactors are used to degas the groundwater directly in the well and gas is collected at the surface. This way, field work is facilitated, groundwater system disturbance is minimized, and the gas sample is collected at a specific depth. We demonstrate the tightness of the system regarding atmospheric air contamination for a collection times of 24 h, which is sufficient for both low-level counting and laser-based counting methods for 85Kr. The minimal borehole diameter is 7.5 cm for the prototype presented in this research but can easily be reduced to smaller diameters. In a case study, we compare the results obtained with the new passive method with those from a conventional packer setup sampling. Additionally, 3H/3He samples were collected for both sampling regimes and the dating results were compared with those from 85Kr. A good agreement between tracer ages is demonstrated and the age stratigraphy is consistent with the expected age distribution for a porous unconfined aquifer. In addition, our study emphasizes the differences between the age information sampled with various methods. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the new in situ quasi-passive method provides a more representative age stratigraphy with depth in most cases.
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ISSN 2589-9155 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Musy2021100075 Serial 215
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Author Leeuwen, Z.R. van; Klaar, M.J.; Smith, M.W.; Brown, L.E.
Title Quantifying the natural flood management potential of leaky dams in upland catchments, Part II: Leaky dam impacts on flood peak magnitude Type Journal Article
Year 2024 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 628 Issue Pages 130449
Keywords Nature based solutions, Large wood, Empirical, Hydrograph analysis, Ecosystem services, Transfer function noise model
Abstract (up) Leaky dams are an increasingly popular natural flood management measure, yet their impacts on flood peak magnitude have not yet been empirically quantified for a range of event types and magnitudes, even at the stream scale. In this study, the novel application of a transfer function noise modelling approach to empirical Before-After-Control-Impact stage data from an upland catchment allowed leaky dam effectiveness in reducing flood peak magnitude to be quantified. Flood peak stage and discharge magnitude changes were assessed from empirical data for 50 single and multi-peaked high flow events with return periods ranging from less than one year to six years. Overall, event peak magnitude was significantly reduced following the installation of eight leaky dams on the impact stream. Effectiveness was highly variable, but on average, flood peak magnitude was reduced by 10% for events with a return period up to one year. Some of the variability was explained by the size of the event and whether it was a single or multi-peaked event. This finding emphasises the need to manage expectations by considering both a range of event magnitudes and types when designing or assessing leaky dam natural flood management schemes.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Vanleeuwen2024130449 Serial 228
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Author Bresinsky, L.; Kordilla, J.; Hector, T.; Engelhardt, I.; Livshitz, Y.; Sauter, M.
Title Managing climate change impacts on the Western Mountain Aquifer: Implications for Mediterranean karst groundwater resources Type Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Journal of Hydrology X Abbreviated Journal
Volume 20 Issue Pages 100153
Keywords Groundwater recharge, Storage, Hydrogeological droughts, Climate change effects, Groundwater management, Mitigation of climate change effects
Abstract (up) Many studies highlight the decrease in precipitation due to climate change in the Mediterranean region, making it a prominent hotspot. This study examines the combined impacts of climate change and three groundwater demand scenarios on the water resources of the Western Mountain Aquifer (WMA) in Israel and the West Bank. While commonly used methods for quantifying groundwater recharge and water resources rely on regression models, it is important to acknowledge their limitations when assessing climate change impacts. Regression models and other data-driven approaches are effective within observed variability but may lack predictive power when extrapolated to conditions beyond historical fluctuations. A comprehensive assessment requires distributed process-based numerical models incorporating a broader range of relevant physical flow processes and, ideally, ensemble model projections. In this study, we simulate the dynamics of dual-domain infiltration and precipitation partitioning using a HydroGeoSphere (HGS) model for variably saturated water flow coupled to a soil-epikarst water balance model in the WMA. The model input includes downscaled high-resolution climate projections until 2070 based on the IPCC RCP4.5 scenario. The results reveal a 5% to 10% decrease in long-term average groundwater recharge compared to a 30% reduction in average precipitation. The heterogeneity of karstic flow and increased intensity of individual rainfall events contribute to this mitigated impact on groundwater recharge, underscoring the importance of spatiotemporally resolved climate models with daily precipitation data. However, despite the moderate decrease in recharge, the study highlights the increasing length and severity of consecutive drought years with low recharge values. It emphasizes the need to adjust current management practices to climate change, as freshwater demand is expected to rise during these periods. Additionally, the study examines the emergence of hydrogeological droughts and their propagation from the surface to the groundwater. The results suggest that the 48-month standardized precipitation index (SPI-48) is a suitable indicator for hydrogeological drought emergence due to reduced groundwater recharge.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 2589-9155 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Bresinsky2023100153 Serial 223
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Author Heidari, B.; Prideaux, V.; Jack, K.; Jaber, F.H.
Title A planning framework to mitigate localized urban stormwater inlet flooding using distributed Green Stormwater Infrastructure at an urban scale: Case study of Dallas, Texas Type Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 621 Issue Pages 129538
Keywords Green stormwater infrastructure, Localized inlet pluvial flooding, Opportunity subwatersheds, Stormwater investment prioritization, Resilient urban watershed planning
Abstract (up) Mitigation of localized pluvial flooding is one of the major resiliency goals in urban environments, and Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) has the potential to deliver such an outcome. However, there is a lack of systematic approaches to prioritize investment in different candidate areas. This study provides a framework to identify vulnerable stormwater drainage inlets and their contributing areas, prioritize them, identify dominant factors in their selection, assess the potential of GSI in mitigating their overflows, and compare the impact and its cost to gray infrastructure upgrade alternatives. Using SWMM 5.1.013, decision trees, and a volumetric-based assessment of GSI overflow capture, we applied the framework to the City of Dallas, Texas, for three design storms with three GSI practices— bioretention cells, raingardens, and rainwater harvesting tanks. Results showed that there was a significant increase in the number of overflowing stormwater drainage inlets, referred to as hotspots, and their contributing subwatersheds, referred to as opportunity areas, with more intense storms especially in problematic watersheds. Also, prioritization results provided a series of maps to rank the opportunity areas based on overflow severity, recurrence of the overflows, and GSI availability. Moreover, classification results showed that inlet features, especially the inlet depth, were the dominant factors in the identification of the non-problematic inlets. Finally, the GSI impact assessment showed substantial overflow mitigation even at the “very high” severity levels when GSI is comprehensively deployed across opportunity areas. Despite gray infrastructure upgrades yielding higher reduction levels, their cost per cubic meter was higher than GSI. Therefore, a combination of GSI and gray results in maximum overflow reduction at a lower cost compared to common practices.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Heidari2023129538 Serial 226
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Author Gimeno, M.J.; Tullborg, E.-L.; Nilsson, A.-C.; Auqué, L.F.; Nilsson, L.
Title Hydrogeochemical characterisation of the groundwater in the crystalline basement of Forsmark, the selected area for the geological nuclear repositories in Sweden Type Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 624 Issue Pages 129818
Keywords Crystalline bedrock, Deep geological repository, Glacial meltwater intrusion, Groundwater mixing, Hydrogeochemical model, Nuclear waste disposal
Abstract (up) Numerous groundwater analyses from the crystalline bedrock in the Forsmark area have been performed between 2002 and 2019, together with thorough geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological studies, within the site investigations carried out by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company. The groundwater samples have been taken from boreholes down to ≈ 1000 m and the analysis include major- and trace-elements, stable and radiogenic isotopes, gases and microbes. The chemical and isotopic composition of these groundwaters evidences the presence of non-marine brackish to saline groundwaters with very long residence times (many hundreds of thousands of years) and a series of complex mixing events resulting from the recharge of different waters over time: glacial meltwaters, probably from different glaciations of which the latest culminated some 20,000 years ago, and marine waters from the Baltic starting some 7000 years ago. Later, meteoric water and present Baltic Sea water have recharged in different parts of the upper 100 m. These mixing events have also triggered chemical and microbial reactions that have conditioned some of the important groundwater parameters and, together with the structural complexity of the area, they have promoted a heterogeneous distribution of groundwater compositions in the bedrock. Due to these evident differences in chemistry, residence time and origin of the groundwater, several groundwater types were defined in order to facilitate the visualisation and communication. The differentiation (linked to the paleohydrological history of the area) was based on Cl concentration, Cl/Mg ratio (marine component), and δ18O value (glacial component). The work presented in this paper increases the understanding of the groundwater evolution in fractured and compartmentalised aquifers where mixing processes are the most important mechanisms. The model proposed to characterise the present groundwater system of the Forsmark area will also help to predict the future hydrogeochemical behaviour of the groundwater system after the construction of the repositories for the nuclear wastes.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ gimeno_hydrogeochemical_2023 Serial 137
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Author Sedghi, M.M.; Zhan, H.
Title On the discharge variation of a qanat in an alluvial fan aquifer Type Journal Article
Year 2022 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 610 Issue Pages 127922
Keywords Analytical solution, Wedge-shaped aquifer, Image well, Areal recharge
Abstract (up) Qanat is a passive (unpumped) horizontal well (or a slant well with a very mild inclined angle) that is capable of extracting water from aquifers by gravity. Many qanats are constructed along the radius of the alluvial fan wedge-shaped aquifers. Analytical modeling of such a qanat-aquifer system provides great benefit for quickly screening different designs of qanats and accessing the performance of qanat discharge in the field. The previous analytical modeling of discharge of qanats, however, did not consider the wedge-shaped aquifers. Thus, the goal of this research is to obtain semi-analytical solutions of discharge variations of qanats in alluvial fan aquifers with nearby pumping wells, subjected to areal recharges due to rainfall. The uniform head boundary is considered inside the qanat (because of its enormous permeability in respect to the background aquifer). The influences of the aquifer lateral boundaries on discharge of qanat and its sensitivity to hydraulic and geometric parameters are explored. The influences of the lateral boundaries on the discharge of qanat due to areal recharge and nearby pumping wells discharge are also explored. The results of this study can be utilized for multiple purposes: 1) to predict the discharge of qanat in an alluvial fan aquifer and explore the influences of the areal recharge and nearby pumping well discharge; 2) to estimate the hydraulic parameters of the alluvial fan aquifer depleted by a qanat; 3) to determine the location of the nearby pumping well to minimize its influences on the discharge of a qanat; 4) to calculate the water budgets of aquifers depleted by qanats and pumping wells and replenished by areal recharge among other applications. This paper is an extension to the work presented by Sedghi and Zhan (2020) (which concerns an infinite unconfined aquifer) for an unconfined alluvial fan aquifer setting.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Sedghi2022127922 Serial 267
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Author Sedghi, M.M.; Zhan, H.
Title Semi-analytical solutions of discharge variation of a qanat in an unconfined aquifer subjected to general areal recharge and nearby pumping well discharge Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 584 Issue Pages 124691
Keywords Analytical solution, Laplace domain, Screen segmentation, Qanat, Areal recharge, Constant head
Abstract (up) Qanat is a type of drain that extract water from aquifers by gravity. Significant amount of fresh water used in Middle East and other parts of the world are supplied by qanats. Despite their importance, discharge variation of these type of wells received almost no attention. The aim of this research is to obtain a Laplace domain solution of discharge variation of a qanat installed in an anisotropic unconfined aquifer subjected to arbitrary areal recharge and nearby pumping well(s) discharge. A new semi-analytical solution of drawdown is obtained first to implement the effects of arbitrary areal recharge and nearby pumping well(s) using the principle of superposition. Then, the discharge variation solution of the qanat is obtained from the drawdown solution. To establish a constant-head boundary condition at the qanat periphery, the qanat is discretized into several segments. The results of this study are presented in dimensionless discharge-dimensionless time curves. The effects of hydraulic as well as geometric parameters on the discharge variation of the qanat due to arbitrary areal recharge, falling of water table from its initial position and discharge of nearby wells are explored. We also investigate the influences of distance and screen depth and location of the nearby well on the discharge variation of the qanat. The results of this study can be utilized for multiple purposes: 1) to predict discharge of qanat in response to rainfall and nearby pumping well(s); 2) to estimate the aquifer parameters using hydrograph of the qanat; 3) to determine optimal location and pumping pattern of the nearby wells to minimize their influences on the discharge of the qanat; 4) to calculate water budget of aquifers drained by a qanat. The equation presented in this work can also be used to estimate discharge of a horizontal drain installed in cropland subjected to arbitrary irrigation pattern.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Sedghi2020124691 Serial 261
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Author Xu, W.D.; Burns, M.J.; Cherqui, F.; Duchesne, S.; Pelletier, G.; Fletcher, T.D.
Title Real-time controlled rainwater harvesting systems can improve the performance of stormwater networks Type Journal Article
Year 2022 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 614 Issue Pages 128503
Keywords Real-time control, Rainwater harvesting systems, Stormwater control measures, Flood mitigation, Source Control, Climate change
Abstract (up) Real-Time Control (RTC) technology is increasingly applied in Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems to optimise their performance related to water supply and flood mitigation. However, most studies to date have focussed on testing the benefits at an individual site scale, leaving the potential benefits for downstream stormwater networks largely untested. In this study, we developed a methodology to predict how at-source RTC RWH systems influence the behaviour of a stormwater network. Simulation was enabled by coupling the drainage model in SWMM with an RTC RWH model coded using the R software. We modelled two different RTC strategies across a range of system settings (e.g. storage size for RWH and proportion of storage to which RTC is applied) under two different climate scenarios—current and future climates. The simulations showed that RTC reduced flooding volume and peak flow of the stormwater network, leading to a potential mitigation of urban flooding risks, while also providing a decentralised supplementary water supply. Implementing RTC in more of RWH storages yielded greater benefits than simply increasing storage capacity, in both current and future climates. More importantly, the RTC systems are capable of more precisely managing the resultant flow regime in reducing the erosion and restoring the pre-development conditions in sensitive receiving waters. Our study suggests that RTC RWH storages distributed throughout a catchment can substantially improve the performance of existing drainage systems, potentially avoiding or deferring expensive network upgrades. Investments in real-time control technology would appear to be more promising than investments in detention volume alone.
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Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Xu2022128503 Serial 233
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