| Records |
| Author |
Heaton, T.H.E.; Talma, A.S.; Vogel, J.C. |
| Title |
Origin and history of nitrate in confined groundwater in the western Kalahari |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
243-262 |
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| Abstract |
Data are presented for nitrate, dinitrogen and argon concentrations and 15N14N ratios in groundwater, with radiocarbon ages up to 40,000 yr. for three confined sandstone aquifers in the western Kalahari of South West Africa/Namibia. The nitrate is probably generated within the soil of the recharge areas, and its production rate during the period 3000-40,000 B.P. has remained between 0.5 and 1.6 meq NO−3l−1 of recharge water, with ° 15N between + 4 and + 8‰. Variations in the amount of nitrate and of “excess air” in groundwater recharge are found, and can only reflect changes in the environmental conditions during recharge. They must therefore be caused by the climatic changes that have taken place during the past 25,000 yr. |
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0022-1694 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Heaton1983243 |
Serial  |
282 |
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| Author |
Vogel, J.C.; Talma, A.S.; Heaton, T.H.E. |
| Title |
Gaseous nitrogen as evidence for denitrification in groundwater |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
191-200 |
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| Abstract |
By investigating the nitrate, oxygen, nitrogen and argon concentrations and 15N14N ratios in artesian groundwater with radiocarbon ages ranging up to 27,000 yr. a process of very slow denitrification in a confined aquifer is demonstrated. The calculated nitrogenisotope fractionation factor associated with this reaction is comparable to that reported for bacterial cultures in vitro and in vivo. |
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0022-1694 |
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no |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Vogel1981191 |
Serial |
280 |
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| Author |
Heaton, T.H.E. |
| Title |
Sources of the nitrate in phreatic groundwater in the western Kalahari |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
67 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
249-259 |
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| Abstract |
Elevated levels of nitrate occur in phreatic groundwater in the western Kalahari, Namibia. Nitrate in water containing 0.4–3.1 meq NO−3l−1, of widespread occurrence, has δ15N values in the range +4.9 to +8.0‰, suggesting natural derivation from the soil. The sporadic occurrence of very high levels of nitrate (> 4 meq NO−3l−1), which has δ15N between +9.3 to +18.7‰, reflects pollution derived from animal waste. The importance of considering the possible isotopic effects of denitrification, and the significance of leaching in the nitrogen budget of the Kalahari soil, are also discussed. |
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0022-1694 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Heaton1984249 |
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278 |
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| Author |
Seidl, C.; Wheeler, S.A.; Page, D. |
| Title |
Understanding the global success criteria for managed aquifer recharge schemes |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2024 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
628 |
Issue |
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Pages |
130469 |
| Keywords |
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Water banking, Groundwater, Water management, Water storage |
| Abstract |
Water availability and quality issues will only gain importance in the future, with climate change impacts putting increasing pressure on global water resources. Dealing with these challenges requires drawing on all available water management tools, including Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR). Although MAR has seen increasing global implementation during the last half a century, it is still often overlooked as a management tool. While technical, bio-physical, and hydrogeological aspects of MAR are well researched, this cannot be said for socio-economic and other governance factors. Where information is available, this study seeks to understand the conditions necessary for MAR success. We apply fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis on 313 world MAR applications, and also model separately for high- and low-middle-income countries. Results show that sophisticated hydrogeological site understanding and scheme operation is paramount for MAR success, as is utilizing natural water sources for high value end uses. Successful high-income country MAR schemes tend to be large and utilize natural water sources and sophisticated water injection and treatment methods to augment potable water supply; while successful low-middle-income country schemes are not large, older than 20 years, and use gravity infiltration methods and (limited) no water treatment. These findings will help inform the future suitability of MAR application design and its likely success within various contexts. |
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0022-1694 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Seidl2024130469 |
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273 |
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| Author |
Sedghi, M.M.; Zhan, H. |
| Title |
On the discharge variation of a qanat in an alluvial fan aquifer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
610 |
Issue |
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Pages |
127922 |
| Keywords |
Analytical solution, Wedge-shaped aquifer, Image well, Areal recharge |
| Abstract |
Qanat is a passive (unpumped) horizontal well (or a slant well with a very mild inclined angle) that is capable of extracting water from aquifers by gravity. Many qanats are constructed along the radius of the alluvial fan wedge-shaped aquifers. Analytical modeling of such a qanat-aquifer system provides great benefit for quickly screening different designs of qanats and accessing the performance of qanat discharge in the field. The previous analytical modeling of discharge of qanats, however, did not consider the wedge-shaped aquifers. Thus, the goal of this research is to obtain semi-analytical solutions of discharge variations of qanats in alluvial fan aquifers with nearby pumping wells, subjected to areal recharges due to rainfall. The uniform head boundary is considered inside the qanat (because of its enormous permeability in respect to the background aquifer). The influences of the aquifer lateral boundaries on discharge of qanat and its sensitivity to hydraulic and geometric parameters are explored. The influences of the lateral boundaries on the discharge of qanat due to areal recharge and nearby pumping wells discharge are also explored. The results of this study can be utilized for multiple purposes: 1) to predict the discharge of qanat in an alluvial fan aquifer and explore the influences of the areal recharge and nearby pumping well discharge; 2) to estimate the hydraulic parameters of the alluvial fan aquifer depleted by a qanat; 3) to determine the location of the nearby pumping well to minimize its influences on the discharge of a qanat; 4) to calculate the water budgets of aquifers depleted by qanats and pumping wells and replenished by areal recharge among other applications. This paper is an extension to the work presented by Sedghi and Zhan (2020) (which concerns an infinite unconfined aquifer) for an unconfined alluvial fan aquifer setting. |
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0022-1694 |
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no |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Sedghi2022127922 |
Serial |
267 |
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| Author |
Sedghi, M.M.; Zhan, H. |
| Title |
Semi-analytical solutions of discharge variation of a qanat in an unconfined aquifer subjected to general areal recharge and nearby pumping well discharge |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
584 |
Issue |
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Pages |
124691 |
| Keywords |
Analytical solution, Laplace domain, Screen segmentation, Qanat, Areal recharge, Constant head |
| Abstract |
Qanat is a type of drain that extract water from aquifers by gravity. Significant amount of fresh water used in Middle East and other parts of the world are supplied by qanats. Despite their importance, discharge variation of these type of wells received almost no attention. The aim of this research is to obtain a Laplace domain solution of discharge variation of a qanat installed in an anisotropic unconfined aquifer subjected to arbitrary areal recharge and nearby pumping well(s) discharge. A new semi-analytical solution of drawdown is obtained first to implement the effects of arbitrary areal recharge and nearby pumping well(s) using the principle of superposition. Then, the discharge variation solution of the qanat is obtained from the drawdown solution. To establish a constant-head boundary condition at the qanat periphery, the qanat is discretized into several segments. The results of this study are presented in dimensionless discharge-dimensionless time curves. The effects of hydraulic as well as geometric parameters on the discharge variation of the qanat due to arbitrary areal recharge, falling of water table from its initial position and discharge of nearby wells are explored. We also investigate the influences of distance and screen depth and location of the nearby well on the discharge variation of the qanat. The results of this study can be utilized for multiple purposes: 1) to predict discharge of qanat in response to rainfall and nearby pumping well(s); 2) to estimate the aquifer parameters using hydrograph of the qanat; 3) to determine optimal location and pumping pattern of the nearby wells to minimize their influences on the discharge of the qanat; 4) to calculate water budget of aquifers drained by a qanat. The equation presented in this work can also be used to estimate discharge of a horizontal drain installed in cropland subjected to arbitrary irrigation pattern. |
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0022-1694 |
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no |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Sedghi2020124691 |
Serial |
261 |
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| Author |
Naghedifar, S.M.; Ziaei, A.N.; Naghedifar, S.A.; Ansari, H. |
| Title |
A new model for simulation of collection and conveyance sections of Qanat |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
590 |
Issue |
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Pages |
125218 |
| Keywords |
Richards’ equation, Saint-Venant equation, Numerical modeling, Qanat-aquifer system |
| Abstract |
In this paper, a new numerical model has been developed for simulation of Qanat-aquifer system. This model employs quasi-3D mixed-form of Richards’ equation and 1D fully-hydrodynamic form of Saint-Venant equations to simulate subsurface and overland flow, respectively. In order to handle non-orthogonal grids, subsurface flow module benefits from coordinate transformation technique. Using the above-mentioned governing equations, the presented model is able to simulate water flow inside both collection and conveyance sections of the gallery as well as dynamics of groundwater and vadose zone from impermeable bed rock to the soil-air interface. Since measured data corresponding to the hydraulics of Qanats is scarce, the overland and subsurface modules have been validated with analytical, numerical and experimental benchmarks in the literature. Subsequently, the model was employed to simulate ten different hypothetical aquifer-Qanat systems with different properties including the depth of groundwater aquifer, roughness of the gallery and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the gallery-aquifer boundary and the influence of each the parameters was monitored on the outflow rate at the appearance point of each Qanat. Furthermore, the advance of water inside two initially dry galleries were simulated at different time levels up to steady state. Eventually, the streamlines have been shown at the steady state for two Qanat-aquifer systems. Although, the presented study sheds light on some aspects of Qanat-aquifer hydraulics, the validation of the presented model with in-lab or on-field data remains ongoing for the future researches. |
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0022-1694 |
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no |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Naghedifar2020125218 |
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254 |
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Zaeri, A.; Mohammadi, Z.; Rezanezhad, F. |
| Title |
Determining the source and mechanism of river salinity: An integrated regional study |
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Journal Article |
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2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |
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47 |
Issue |
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Pages |
101411 |
| Keywords |
River salinity, Salinization mechanism, Isotope, Halite brine, River sinuosity |
| Abstract |
Study region Zohreh River Basin, Southwest Iran Study focus The salinity of Zohreh River sharply increases in three salinity zones (SZs) along the river named SZ1, SZ2 (the focus of this study), and SZ3. Determining the salinity sources and salinization mechanism using an integrated approach including geological, hydrochemical, isotopic, geophysical, river sinuosity and hydrocarbon analysis are the main objectives of this study. The study focuses on the combination of evidence of regional-scale (i.e., river sinuosity and seismic data) and small-scale (i.e., drilling core analysis). New hydrologic insights for the region Among several known sources of river salinity, it was found that the water quality of the Zohreh River is mainly threatened by the salt-bearing Gachsaran Formation and oil-field brine. It is concluded that halite brine and oil-field brine simultaneously cause the salinization in SZ2, and their contributions were delineated to be 95% and 5%, respectively. The lack of reliable geological evidence to support halite dissolution in surficial layers by circulating waters suggests the possibility of a deep source of halite brine in SZ2. The results revealed that deep halite brine of the salt layers of Gachsaran Formation is mainly responsible for the salinization of SZ2. The mechanism of deep brine penetration to the river through the hidden fault failures detected by the combination of river sinuosity analysis and geophysical data for the first time. |
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2214-5818 |
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no |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Zaeri2023101411 |
Serial |
251 |
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Pavelic, P.; Srisuk, K.; Saraphirom, P.; Nadee, S.; Pholkern, K.; Chusanathas, S.; Munyou, S.; Tangsutthinon, T.; Intarasut, T.; Smakhtin, V. |
| Title |
Balancing-out floods and droughts: Opportunities to utilize floodwater harvesting and groundwater storage for agricultural development in Thailand |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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470-471 |
Issue |
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55-64 |
| Keywords |
Water scarcity, Flooding, Drought, Managed aquifer recharge, Floodwater harvesting, Chao Phraya River Basin |
| Abstract |
Summary Thailand’s naturally high seasonal endowment of water resources brings with it the regularly experienced problems associated with floods during the wet season and droughts during the dry season. Downstream-focused engineering solutions that address flooding are vital, but do not necessarily capture the potential for basin-scale improvements to water security, food production and livelihood enhancement. Managed aquifer recharge, typically applied to annual harvesting of wet season flows in dry climates, can also be applied to capture, store and recover episodic extreme flood events in humid environments. In the Chao Phraya River Basin it is estimated that surplus flows recorded downstream above a critical threshold could be harvested and recharged within the shallow alluvial aquifers in a distributed manner upstream of flood prone areas without significantly impacting existing large-medium storages or the Gulf and deltaic ecosystems. Capturing peak flows approximately 1year in four by dedicating around 200km2 of land to groundwater recharge would reduce the magnitude of flooding and socio-economic impacts and generate around USD 250M/year in export earnings for smallholder rainfed farmers through dry season cash cropping without unduly compromising the demands of existing water users. It is proposed that farmers in upstream riparian zones be co-opted as flood harvesters and thus contribute to improved floodwater management through simple water management technologies that enable agricultural lands to be put to higher productive use. Local-scale site suitability and technical performance assessments along with revised governance structures would be required. It is expected that such an approach would also be applicable to other coastal-discharging basins in Thailand and potentially throughout the Asia region. |
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0022-1694 |
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no |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Pavelic201255 |
Serial |
246 |
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Johnson, R.S.H.; Alila, Y. |
| Title |
Nonstationary stochastic paired watershed approach: Investigating forest harvesting effects on floods in two large, nested, and snow-dominated watersheds in British Columbia, Canada |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrology |
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625 |
Issue |
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Pages |
129970 |
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Probabilistic physics, Forest hydrology, Attribution science, Flood Frequency Analysis, Stochastic hydrology, Nonstationarity |
| Abstract |
Drawing on advances in nonstationary frequency analysis and the science of causation and attribution, this study employs a newly developed nonstationary stochastic paired watershed approach to determine the effect of forest harvesting on snowmelt-generated floods. Moreover, this study furthers the application of stochastic physics to evaluate the environmental controls and drivers of flood response. Physically-based climate and time-varying harvesting data are used as covariates to drive the nonstationary flood frequency distribution parameters to detect, attribute, and quantify the effect of harvesting on floods in the snow-dominated Deadman River (878 km2) and nested Joe Ross Creek (99 km2) watersheds. Harvesting only 21% of the watershed caused a 38% and 84% increase in the mean but no increase in variability around the mean of the frequency distribution in the Deadman River and Joe Ross Creek, respectively. Consequently, the 7-year, 20-year, 50-year, and 100-year flood events became approximately two, four, six, and ten times more frequent in both watersheds. An increase in the mean is posited to occur from an increase in moisture availability following harvest from suppressed snow interception and increased net radiation reaching the snowpack. Variability was not increased because snowmelt synchronization was inhibited by the buffering capacity of abundant lakes, evenly distributed aspects, and widespread spatial distribution of cutblocks in the watersheds, preventing any potential for harvesting to increase the efficiency of runoff delivery to the outlet. Consistent with similar recent studies, the effect of logging on floods is controlled not only by the harvest rate but most importantly the physiographic characteristics of the watershed and the spatial distribution of the cutblocks. Imposed by the probabilistic framework to understanding and predicting the relation between extremes and their environmental controls, commonly used in the general sciences but not forest hydrology, it is the inherent nature of snowmelt-driven flood regimes which cause even modest increases in magnitude, especially in the upper tail of the distribution, to translate into surprisingly large changes in frequency. Contrary to conventional wisdom, harvesting influenced small, medium, and very large flood events, and the sensitivity to harvest increased with increasing flood event size and watershed area. |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Johnson2023129970 |
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245 |
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