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Author Gaj, M.; Beyer, M.; Hamutoko, J.; Uugulu, S.; Wanke, H.; Koeniger, P.; Külls, C.; Lohe, C.; Himmelsbach, T. openurl 
  Title How do soil types affect stable isotope ratios of 2H and 18O under evaporation: A Fingerprint of the Niipele subbasin of the Cuvelai-Etosha basin, Namibia Type Conference Article
  Year 2014 Publication EGU Geophysical Abstracts Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 5890  
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  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ Gaj2014soil Serial 44  
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Author Gardiner, J.; Thomas, R.B.; Phan, T.T.; Stuckman, M.; Wang, J.; Small, M.; Lopano, C.; Hakala, J.A. url  openurl
  Title Utilization of produced water baseline as a groundwater monitoring tool at a CO2-EOR site in the Permian Basin, Texas, USA Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Applied Geochemistry Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 121 Issue Pages 104688  
  Keywords CO storage, Enhanced oil recovery, Geochemical baseline, Groundwater monitoring, Produced water, Solubility trapping  
  Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) provides a pathway for economic reuse and storage of CO2, a greenhouse gas. One challenge with this practice is ensuring CO2 injection does not result in target reservoir fluids migrating into overlying shallow (\textless1000 m) groundwater formations. Effective monitoring for leakage from storage formations could involve measuring sensitive chemical indicators in overlying groundwater units and within the producing formation itself for evidence of deviation from an initial state. In this study, produced waters and overlying groundwaters were monitored over a five-year period to evaluate which geochemical signals may be useful to ensure that oilfield produced waters did not impact overlying groundwaters. During this five-year period, a mature carbonate oil reservoir in the Permian Basin transitioned from a waterflooding operation to a water-alternating-gas injection (WAG), in which the formation was flooded with CO2 and various mixtures of produced water. Significant increases in dissolved inorganic constituents [alkalinity, TDS, Na+, Cl−, SO42−] were observed in produced waters following CO2 injection; however, carbonate reservoir dissolution-precipitation reactions appear to be minimal and injected CO2 appears to be stored via solubility trapping. Although there are statistically significant geochemical variations following CO2 injection, applying isometric log-ratios to certain parameters establishes a narrow range for post-CO2 injection produced waters. This narrow range can be considered a baseline for post-CO2 injection produced waters; this baseline can be utilized to monitor overlying local groundwaters for produced water intrusion. Additionally, certain parameters [Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl−, alkalinity, and TDS] display large concentration disparities between produced water and overlying groundwaters; these parameters would be sensitive indicators of produced water intrusion into overlying groundwaters.  
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  ISSN 0883-2927 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ gardiner_utilization_2020 Serial 171  
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Author Garvelmann, J.; Külls, C.; Weiler, M. url  doi
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  Title A porewater-based stable isotope approach for the investigation of subsurface hydrological processes Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Hydrology & Earth System Sciences Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages  
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  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ Garvelmann2012porewater Serial 24  
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Author Gasse, F. url  openurl
  Title Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Quaternary Science Reviews Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 189-211  
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  Abstract Paleohydrological data from the African tropics and subtropics, including lake, groundwater and speleothem records, are reviewed to show how environments and climates from both hemispheres are inter-related. Although orbitally induced changes in the monsoon strength account for a large part of long-term climatic changes in tropical Africa, the Late Pleistocene–Holocene hydrological fluctuations rather appear to have been a series of abrupt events that reflect complex interactions between orbital forcing, atmosphere, ocean and land surface conditions. During the Last Glacial Maximum (23–18ka BP), most records indicate that generally dry conditions have prevailed in both hemispheres, associated with lower tropical land- and sea-surface temperatures. This agrees with simulations using coupled ocean–atmosphere models, which predict cooling and reduced summer precipitation in tropical Africa; the global hydrological cycle was weaker than today when the extent of large polar ice-sheets and sea-ice was a prominent forcing factor of the Earth’s climate. Glacial-interglacial climatic changes started early: a first wetting/warming phase at ca. 17–16ka BP took place during a period of rapid temperature increase in Antarctica. Next, two drastic arid-humid transitions in equatorial and northern Africa occurred around 15–14.5ka BP and 11.5–11ka BP. Both are thought to match the major Greenland warming events, in concert with the switching of the oceanic thermohaline circulation to modern mode. However, part of the climatic signal after 15 ka BP also seems related to the Antarctica climate. During the Holocene, Africa has also experienced rapid hydrological fluctuations of dramatic magnitude compared to the climatic changes at high latitudes. In particular, major dry spells occurred around 8.4–8ka and 4.2–4ka BP in the northern monsoon domain. Comparison with other parts of the world indicates that these events have a worldwide distribution but different regional expressions. In the absence of large polar ice sheets, changes in the continental hydrological cycles in the tropics may have a significant impact on the global climate system. Climate information gathered here allows to identify geographical and methodological gaps, and raise some scientific questions that remain to be solved to better understand how the tropics respond to changes in major climate-forcing factors, and how they influence climate globally.  
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  ISSN 0277-3791 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ gasse_hydrological_2000 Serial 96  
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Author Gil-Márquez, J.M.; Sültenfuß, J.; Andreo, B.; Mudarra, M. url  openurl
  Title Groundwater dating tools (3H, 3He, 4He, CFC-12, SF6) coupled with hydrochemistry to evaluate the hydrogeological functioning of complex evaporite-karst settings Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 580 Issue Pages 124263  
  Keywords Groundwater dating, Evaporite karst, Brine spring, Free-shape models  
  Abstract The hydrogeological functioning of four different areas in a complex evaporite-karst unit of predominantly aquitard behavior in S Spain was investigated. Environmental dating tracers (3H, 3He, 4He, CFC-12, SF6) and hydrochemical data were determined from spring samples to identify and characterize groundwater flow components of different residence times in the media. Results show a general geochemical evolution pattern, from higher (recharge areas) to lower positions (discharge areas), in which mineralization rises as well as the value of the rCl−/SO42−, evidencing longer water-rock interaction. Ne values show degassing of most of the samples, favored by the high salinity of groundwater and the development of karstification so that the concentration of all the considered gases were corrected according to the difference between the theoretical and the measured Ne. The presence of modern groundwater in every sample was proved by the detection of 3H and CFC-12. At the opposite, the higher amount of radiogenic 4He in most samples also indicates that they have an old component. The 3H/3He dating method does not give reliable ages as a consequence of degassing and the large uncertainty of the 3He/4He ratios of the sources for the radiogenic Helium. The large SF6 concentrations suggest terrigenic production related to halite and dolomite. Binary Mixing and Free Shape Models were created based on 3H and CFC-12 data to interpret the age distribution of the samples. Two parameters (GA50 and >70%) were proposed as an indicator of that distribution, as they provide further information than the mean age. Particularly, GA50 is derived from the median groundwater age and is presented as a new way of interpreting mixed groundwater age data. A greater fraction of old groundwater (3H and CFC-12 free) was identified in discharge areas, while the proportion and estimated infiltration date of the younger fractions in recharge areas were higher and more recent, respectively. The application of different approaches has been useful to corroborate previous theoretical conceptual model proposed for the study area and to test the applicability of the used environmental tracer in dating brine groundwater and karst springs.  
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  ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ Gilmarquez2020124263 Serial 213  
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Author Gimeno, M.J.; Tullborg, E.-L.; Nilsson, A.-C.; Auqué, L.F.; Nilsson, L. url  openurl
  Title Hydrogeochemical characterisation of the groundwater in the crystalline basement of Forsmark, the selected area for the geological nuclear repositories in Sweden Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 624 Issue Pages 129818  
  Keywords Crystalline bedrock, Deep geological repository, Glacial meltwater intrusion, Groundwater mixing, Hydrogeochemical model, Nuclear waste disposal  
  Abstract Numerous groundwater analyses from the crystalline bedrock in the Forsmark area have been performed between 2002 and 2019, together with thorough geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological studies, within the site investigations carried out by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company. The groundwater samples have been taken from boreholes down to ≈ 1000 m and the analysis include major- and trace-elements, stable and radiogenic isotopes, gases and microbes. The chemical and isotopic composition of these groundwaters evidences the presence of non-marine brackish to saline groundwaters with very long residence times (many hundreds of thousands of years) and a series of complex mixing events resulting from the recharge of different waters over time: glacial meltwaters, probably from different glaciations of which the latest culminated some 20,000 years ago, and marine waters from the Baltic starting some 7000 years ago. Later, meteoric water and present Baltic Sea water have recharged in different parts of the upper 100 m. These mixing events have also triggered chemical and microbial reactions that have conditioned some of the important groundwater parameters and, together with the structural complexity of the area, they have promoted a heterogeneous distribution of groundwater compositions in the bedrock. Due to these evident differences in chemistry, residence time and origin of the groundwater, several groundwater types were defined in order to facilitate the visualisation and communication. The differentiation (linked to the paleohydrological history of the area) was based on Cl concentration, Cl/Mg ratio (marine component), and δ18O value (glacial component). The work presented in this paper increases the understanding of the groundwater evolution in fractured and compartmentalised aquifers where mixing processes are the most important mechanisms. The model proposed to characterise the present groundwater system of the Forsmark area will also help to predict the future hydrogeochemical behaviour of the groundwater system after the construction of the repositories for the nuclear wastes.  
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  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ gimeno_hydrogeochemical_2023 Serial 137  
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Author Gómez, P.; Garralón, A.; Buil, B.; Turrero, M.J.; Sánchez, L.; Cruz, B. de la url  openurl
  Title Modeling of geochemical processes related to uranium mobilization in the groundwater of a uranium mine Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Science of The Total Environment Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 366 Issue 1 Pages 295-309  
  Keywords Geochemical modeling, Granite, Groundwater, Uranium mine, Uranium retention  
  Abstract This paper describes the processes leading to uranium distribution in the groundwater of five boreholes near a restored uranium mine (dug in granite), and the environmental impact of restoration work in the discharge area. The groundwater uranium content varied from \textless1 μg/L in reduced water far from the area of influence of the uranium ore-containing dyke, to 104 μg/L in a borehole hydraulically connected to the mine. These values, however, fail to reflect a chemical equilibrium between the water and the pure mineral phases. A model for the mobilization of uranium in this groundwater is therefore proposed. This involves the percolation of oxidized waters through the fractured granite, leading to the oxidation of pyrite and arsenopyrite and the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides. This in turn leads to the dissolution of the primary pitchblende and, subsequently, the release of U(VI) species to the groundwater. These U(VI) species are retained by iron hydroxides. Secondary uranium species are eventually formed as reducing conditions are re-established due to water–rock interactions.  
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  ISSN 0048-9697 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ gomez_modeling_2006 Serial 162  
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Author Grodek, T.; Enzel, Y.; Morin, E.; Jacoby, Y.; Dahan, O.; Benito, G.; Kulls, C.; Geller, A.; Van Langenhove, G.; Seely, M. openurl 
  Title Flood hydrology, flood routing, paleohydrology and the estimation of water resources along the shallow alluvial aquifers of the Kuiseb River, Namibia Type Conference Article
  Year 2008 Publication Abstracts – Israel Geological Society Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 2008 Issue Pages 37  
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  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ Grodek2008flood Serial 56  
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Author Grozeva, N.G.; Radwan, J.; Beaucaire, C.; Descostes, M. url  openurl
  Title Reactive transport modeling of U and Ra mobility in roll-front uranium deposits: Parameters influencing 226Ra/238U disequilibria Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Journal of Geochemical Exploration Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 236 Issue Pages 106961  
  Keywords Ra/U, Radioactive disequilibria, Radium, Reactive transport modeling, Roll-front uranium deposit  
  Abstract Uranium reserve estimates in ore deposits can be significantly impacted by 226Ra/238U disequilibria arising from the differential mobility of uranium and radium during groundwater transport. 1D reactive transport models were developed to investigate the long-term effects of retention processes (UO2(am) precipitation, U(VI) and Ra sorption on smectite, Ra co-precipitation with barite) on the repartitioning of 238U and 226Ra during formation of roll-front type deposits. Analytical solutions to radioactive decay chains were used in complement to examine the influence of geochemical parameters, including fluid 234U/238U activity ratios and α-recoil loss, on 226Ra/238U disequilibria in uranium ores. Model results demonstrate that smectite and barite can produce 226Ra/238U ratios \textgreater1 at low uranium contents and may explain 226Ra/238U disequilibria occurring in altered rock up- and downstream of roll-front deposits. The capacity of these phases to take up Ra and generate 226Ra/238U disequilibria depends on both mineral contents and groundwater compositions, and is thus expected to be site-specific. Simulations of ore deposits that advance downstream with time demonstrate the formation of stronger 226Ra/238U disequilibria, as expected, in the downgradient side or nose of the ore, reflecting both younger mineralization ages and the presence of active uranium precipitation. Whether disequilibria are positive or negative with respect to secular equilibrium, however, depends on the 234U/238U activity ratio in the fluid from which uranium minerals precipitate. Smaller hydraulic conductivities are shown to generate a narrower range in 226Ra/238U activity ratios with distance, and may explain the occurrence of disequilibria in the limb ore that are less pronounced than those in the nose. Furthermore, the ability of α-recoil loss to decrease 226Ra/238U activity ratios at secular equilibrium may account for negative disequilibria in high grade ores. The South Tortkuduk uranium deposits (Kazakhstan) are subsequently used as a case study to identify the processes and parameters that may contribute to 226Ra/238U disequilibria at this site. Variations in multiple parameters, including clay contents, barite contents, and mineralization ages, are found to reproduce measured 226Ra/238U activity ratios in the roll-front ore. Prioritization of these parameters will necessitate field measurements targeting both groundwater fluids and the host rock. Results from this study will ultimately aid geologists in building appropriate hydrogeochemical data sets to more efficiently locate and exploit uranium ore deposits.  
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  ISSN 0375-6742 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ grozeva_reactive_2022 Serial 180  
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Author Hall, S.M.; Gosen, B.S.V.; Paces, J.B.; Zielinski, R.A.; Breit, G.N. url  openurl
  Title Calcrete uranium deposits in the Southern High Plains, USA Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Ore Geology Reviews Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 109 Issue Pages 50-78  
  Keywords Calcrete, Carnotite, Finchite, Geochemistry, Uranium, Vanadium  
  Abstract The Southern High Plains (SHP) is a new and emerging U.S. uranium province. Here, uranyl vanadates form deposits in Pliocene to Pleistocene sandstone, dolomite, and limestone. Fifteen calcrete uranium occurrences are identified; two of these, the Buzzard Draw and Sulfur Springs Draw deposits, have combined in-place resources estimated at about 4 million pounds of U3O8. Ore minerals carnotite and finchite are hosted in dolomite at the Sulfur Springs Draw deposit, with accessory fluorite, celestine, smectite/illite, autunite, and strontium carbonate. Host carbonate at the Sulfur Springs Draw deposit is ∼190 ka and mineralization mobilized as recently as 3.8 ka. Ash collected near the deposit is 631 ka and erupted from the Yellowstone caldera complex. The Triassic Dockum Group that contains sandstone-hosted uranium deposits throughout the region and underlies the SHP is a potential source for uranium and vanadium. Regional uplift and dissection reintroduced oxygenated groundwater into the Dockum Group, mobilizing uranium. Additional uranium may have been contributed to groundwater by weathering of volcanic ash in Pliocene and Pleistocene host rocks. The locations of the uranium occurrences are mostly in modern drainage systems in the southeast portion of the SHP. Modelling of modern groundwater in the SHP carried out in a parallel study shows that a single fluid could form carnotite through evaporation, and that fluids of the requisite composition are more prevalent in the southern portion of the SHP. The southeastern portion of the SHP hosts more uranium occurrences due to a variety of factors including (1) upward transport of groundwater and connectivity between source and host rock, (2) higher uranium and vanadium content of groundwater, (3) higher rates of groundwater recharge in this region to drive the mineralizing system, and (4) shallower groundwater facilitating surface evaporation. Ongoing erosion of host rocks challenges preservation of deposits and may limit their size.  
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  ISSN 0169-1368 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (up) THL @ christoph.kuells @ hall_calcrete_2019 Serial 124  
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