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Author Rooyen, J.D. van; Watson, A.W.; Miller, J.A. url  openurl
  Title Using tritium and radiocarbon activities to constrain regional modern and fossil groundwater mixing in Southern Africa Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 614 Issue Pages 128570  
  Keywords Radiocarbon, Residence time, SADC, Tritium  
  Abstract This study combines historical records of 14C and 3H in the atmosphere and soil with renewal rate and groundwater lumped parameter models to predict the abundance of 14C and 3H in groundwater over time. 624 groundwater samples from numerous studies, over four decades (1978–2019), in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Mozambique were collated to compare with predicted groundwater activities of 14C and 3H within the South African Development Community (SADC) region. Spatial datasets of carbonate bearing lithology, C3/C4 vegetation, summer/winter rainfall and coastal proximity were used to apply corrections to 14C and 3H data. Corrected values of 14C and 3H were compared with the theoretical abundance of these tracers, derived from the lumped parameter models, to estimate the general mean residence times and presence of groundwater mixing between modern recharge and older groundwaters. This study found that corrected values produced varying mean residence times derived from 14C ages (∼500–28500 years) and a wide range of potentially mixed waters within each aquifer system (0–100 % of tested wells) across the study area. The largest proportions of mixed groundwater, as well as the youngest mean residence times, were found in alluvial and primary fractured rock aquifers (e.g., western coast of South Africa and southern Mozambique). The smallest proportions of mixed groundwater were predicted in deep confined clay-rich aquifers as well as layered coal bearing carbonate sequences (e.g., Orapa, Malwewe and Serowe, Botswana). Insights into the proportions of mixed groundwater and mean residence times can help assess hydrological resilience on a regional scale. Such information is pertinent in promoting socio-economic development and increased water/food security in the SADC region. By understanding the resilience of groundwater resources, robust and informed strategies for water equality and GDP growth in the SADC region can be envisioned and implemented.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ rooyen_using_2022 Serial 94  
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Author Wang, B.; Luo, Y.; Liu, J.-hui; Li, X.; Zheng, Z.-hong; Chen, Q.-qian; Li, L.-yao; Wu, H.; Fan, Q.-ren url  openurl
  Title Ion migration in in-situ leaching (ISL) of uranium: Field trial and reactive transport modelling Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 615 Issue Pages 128634  
  Keywords Acid in situ leaching, Banyan-Uul uranium deposit, Influence area, Reactive transport, Sensitivity analysis  
  Abstract Acid in-situ leaching (ISL) can be used as a mining technique for in situ uranium recover from underground. Acids and oxidants as lixiviants were continuously injected into a sandstone-type uranium deposit in Bayan-Uul (China). It was conducted to facilitate the dissolution of uranium minerals to generate uranyl ions, which could then be extracted for the recovery of uranium resources by the pumping cycle. A reactive transport model based on PHAST was developed to investigate the dynamic reactive migration process of uranium. The simulated results well reproduce the fluid dynamic evolution in the injecting and pumping units, as well as the dynamic release of uranium. The simulated leaching area indicates that the uranium ore leaching area was much larger than the acidification area. In addition, the pollution plume of uranium and acid water was larger than that of the leaching area, which can be used as a reference for uranium mining schemes. Furthermore, the parameter sensitivity analysis indicates the volume fraction of uranium ore and the reaction rate were the main factors affecting uranium leaching efficiency. Without considering the blockage of pores by precipitation, the Fe2+ in the reinjection fluid had a significant negative influence on uranium leaching.  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ wang_ion_2022 Serial 195  
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Author Xu, W.D.; Burns, M.J.; Cherqui, F.; Duchesne, S.; Pelletier, G.; Fletcher, T.D. url  openurl
  Title Real-time controlled rainwater harvesting systems can improve the performance of stormwater networks Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 614 Issue Pages 128503  
  Keywords Real-time control, Rainwater harvesting systems, Stormwater control measures, Flood mitigation, Source Control, Climate change  
  Abstract Real-Time Control (RTC) technology is increasingly applied in Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems to optimise their performance related to water supply and flood mitigation. However, most studies to date have focussed on testing the benefits at an individual site scale, leaving the potential benefits for downstream stormwater networks largely untested. In this study, we developed a methodology to predict how at-source RTC RWH systems influence the behaviour of a stormwater network. Simulation was enabled by coupling the drainage model in SWMM with an RTC RWH model coded using the R software. We modelled two different RTC strategies across a range of system settings (e.g. storage size for RWH and proportion of storage to which RTC is applied) under two different climate scenarios—current and future climates. The simulations showed that RTC reduced flooding volume and peak flow of the stormwater network, leading to a potential mitigation of urban flooding risks, while also providing a decentralised supplementary water supply. Implementing RTC in more of RWH storages yielded greater benefits than simply increasing storage capacity, in both current and future climates. More importantly, the RTC systems are capable of more precisely managing the resultant flow regime in reducing the erosion and restoring the pre-development conditions in sensitive receiving waters. Our study suggests that RTC RWH storages distributed throughout a catchment can substantially improve the performance of existing drainage systems, potentially avoiding or deferring expensive network upgrades. Investments in real-time control technology would appear to be more promising than investments in detention volume alone.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Xu2022128503 Serial 233  
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Author Sedghi, M.M.; Zhan, H. url  openurl
  Title On the discharge variation of a qanat in an alluvial fan aquifer Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 610 Issue Pages 127922  
  Keywords Analytical solution, Wedge-shaped aquifer, Image well, Areal recharge  
  Abstract Qanat is a passive (unpumped) horizontal well (or a slant well with a very mild inclined angle) that is capable of extracting water from aquifers by gravity. Many qanats are constructed along the radius of the alluvial fan wedge-shaped aquifers. Analytical modeling of such a qanat-aquifer system provides great benefit for quickly screening different designs of qanats and accessing the performance of qanat discharge in the field. The previous analytical modeling of discharge of qanats, however, did not consider the wedge-shaped aquifers. Thus, the goal of this research is to obtain semi-analytical solutions of discharge variations of qanats in alluvial fan aquifers with nearby pumping wells, subjected to areal recharges due to rainfall. The uniform head boundary is considered inside the qanat (because of its enormous permeability in respect to the background aquifer). The influences of the aquifer lateral boundaries on discharge of qanat and its sensitivity to hydraulic and geometric parameters are explored. The influences of the lateral boundaries on the discharge of qanat due to areal recharge and nearby pumping wells discharge are also explored. The results of this study can be utilized for multiple purposes: 1) to predict the discharge of qanat in an alluvial fan aquifer and explore the influences of the areal recharge and nearby pumping well discharge; 2) to estimate the hydraulic parameters of the alluvial fan aquifer depleted by a qanat; 3) to determine the location of the nearby pumping well to minimize its influences on the discharge of a qanat; 4) to calculate the water budgets of aquifers depleted by qanats and pumping wells and replenished by areal recharge among other applications. This paper is an extension to the work presented by Sedghi and Zhan (2020) (which concerns an infinite unconfined aquifer) for an unconfined alluvial fan aquifer setting.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-1694 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Sedghi2022127922 Serial 267  
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Author Grozeva, N.G.; Radwan, J.; Beaucaire, C.; Descostes, M. url  openurl
  Title Reactive transport modeling of U and Ra mobility in roll-front uranium deposits: Parameters influencing 226Ra/238U disequilibria Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Geochemical Exploration Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 236 Issue Pages 106961  
  Keywords Ra/U, Radioactive disequilibria, Radium, Reactive transport modeling, Roll-front uranium deposit  
  Abstract Uranium reserve estimates in ore deposits can be significantly impacted by 226Ra/238U disequilibria arising from the differential mobility of uranium and radium during groundwater transport. 1D reactive transport models were developed to investigate the long-term effects of retention processes (UO2(am) precipitation, U(VI) and Ra sorption on smectite, Ra co-precipitation with barite) on the repartitioning of 238U and 226Ra during formation of roll-front type deposits. Analytical solutions to radioactive decay chains were used in complement to examine the influence of geochemical parameters, including fluid 234U/238U activity ratios and α-recoil loss, on 226Ra/238U disequilibria in uranium ores. Model results demonstrate that smectite and barite can produce 226Ra/238U ratios \textgreater1 at low uranium contents and may explain 226Ra/238U disequilibria occurring in altered rock up- and downstream of roll-front deposits. The capacity of these phases to take up Ra and generate 226Ra/238U disequilibria depends on both mineral contents and groundwater compositions, and is thus expected to be site-specific. Simulations of ore deposits that advance downstream with time demonstrate the formation of stronger 226Ra/238U disequilibria, as expected, in the downgradient side or nose of the ore, reflecting both younger mineralization ages and the presence of active uranium precipitation. Whether disequilibria are positive or negative with respect to secular equilibrium, however, depends on the 234U/238U activity ratio in the fluid from which uranium minerals precipitate. Smaller hydraulic conductivities are shown to generate a narrower range in 226Ra/238U activity ratios with distance, and may explain the occurrence of disequilibria in the limb ore that are less pronounced than those in the nose. Furthermore, the ability of α-recoil loss to decrease 226Ra/238U activity ratios at secular equilibrium may account for negative disequilibria in high grade ores. The South Tortkuduk uranium deposits (Kazakhstan) are subsequently used as a case study to identify the processes and parameters that may contribute to 226Ra/238U disequilibria at this site. Variations in multiple parameters, including clay contents, barite contents, and mineralization ages, are found to reproduce measured 226Ra/238U activity ratios in the roll-front ore. Prioritization of these parameters will necessitate field measurements targeting both groundwater fluids and the host rock. Results from this study will ultimately aid geologists in building appropriate hydrogeochemical data sets to more efficiently locate and exploit uranium ore deposits.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0375-6742 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ grozeva_reactive_2022 Serial 180  
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Author Zhang, H.; Gao, J.; Xu, L.; Zhang, X. url  openurl
  Title Case studies of radioactivity of drilling mud for in situ leaching uranium mining in China Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Environmental Radioactivity Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 251-252 Issue Pages 106982  
  Keywords Drilling mud, Exemption management, In situ leaching, Radioactivity  
  Abstract The drilling mud from in situ leaching uranium mining is a type of low-radioactivity waste that contains natural nuclides and other harmful substances. In order to determine whether the drilling mud can meet the requirements of radioactive exemption management standards, field investigations and data simulations were conducted in this study. Two typical uranium mines were selected for onsite investigations. Drilling mud from different layers (i.e., the upper covering layer and ore-bearing layer) and from different stages (e.g., logging stage mud, drilling expansion stage mud, and mixed mud) was sampled. For each sample, the 238U and 226Ra concentrations of the solid components and the U and 226Ra concentrations of the supernatant were analyzed. The results revealed that the highest 238U and 226Ra concentrations of the solid components were 4122 Bq/kg and 4077 Bq/kg, while the 238U and 226Ra concentrations of the mixed drilling mud were all less than 300 Bq/kg. A radioactivity estimation model was established for scenario analysis. Exemption management screening lines of waste drilling mud, which can be used to classify and treat the drilling project according to the deposit’s grade and conditions, were proposed for in situ leaching drilling projects.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0265-931x ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ zhang_case_2022 Serial 191  
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Author Paradis, C.J.; Hoss, K.N.; Meurer, C.E.; Hatami, J.L.; Dangelmayr, M.A.; Tigar, A.D.; Johnson, R.H. url  openurl
  Title Elucidating mobilization mechanisms of uranium during recharge of river water to contaminated groundwater Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Contaminant Hydrology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 251 Issue Pages 104076  
  Keywords Desorption, Dissolution, Groundwater, Surface water, Tracer, Uranium  
  Abstract The recharge of stream water below the baseflow water table can mobilize groundwater contaminants, particularly redox-sensitive and sorptive metals such as uranium. However, in-situ tracer experiments that simulate the recharge of stream water to uranium-contaminated groundwater are lacking, thus limiting the understanding of the potential mechanisms that control the mobility of uranium at the field scale. In this study, a field tracer test was conducted by injecting 100 gal (379 l) of oxic river water into a nearby suboxic and uranium-contaminated aquifer. The traced river water was monitored for 18 days in the single injection well and in the twelve surrounding observation wells. Mobilization of uranium from the solid to the aqueous phase was not observed during the tracer test despite its pre-test presence being confirmed on the aquifer sediments from lab-based acid leaching. However, strong evidence of oxidative immobilization of iron and manganese was observed during the tracer test and suggested that immobile uranium was likely in its oxidized state as U(VI) on the aquifer sediments; these observations ruled out oxidation of U(IV) to U(VI) as a potential mobilization mechanism. Therefore, desorption of U(VI) appeared to be the predominant potential mobilization mechanism, yet it was clearly not solely dependent on concentration as evident when considering that uranium-poor river water (\textless0.015 mg/L) was recharged to uranium-rich groundwater (≈1 mg/L). It was possible that uranium desorption was limited by the relatively higher pH and lower alkalinity of the river water as compared to the groundwater; both factors favor immobilization. However, it was likely that the immobile uranium was associated with a mineral phase, as opposed to a sorbed phase, thus desorption may not have been possible. The results of this field tracer study successfully ruled out two common mobilization mechanisms of uranium: (1) oxidative dissolution and (2) concentration-dependent desorption and ruled in the importance of advection, dispersion, and the mineral phase of uranium.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0169-7722 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ paradis_elucidating_2022 Serial 135  
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Author French, K. url  openurl
  Title Indigenous knowledge, water management, and learning from our collective past Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 68 Issue Pages 101466  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0278-4165 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ French2022101466 Serial 253  
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Author Sardo, M.S.; Jalalkamali, N. url  openurl
  Title A system dynamic approach for reservoir impact assessment on groundwater aquifer considering climate change scenario Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Groundwater for Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 17 Issue Pages 100754  
  Keywords System dynamics, Water resources management, Vensim, Management scenarios  
  Abstract With its arid and semi-arid climate, Iran claims about one-third of the world’s average annual precipitation. Accordingly, the present study investigated whether an effective water resources management (WRM) strategy (both groundwater and reservoir resources) could reduce groundwater drawdown while simultaneously providing secure enough water for preservation of agricultural activities and rural settlements. For this purpose, a comprehensive system dynamics (SD) model incorporating reservoir, surface-water, and groundwater resources was developed. Then, the model was implemented for the Nesa plain in Bam County, Iran, as an example. In this plain, the construction of a dam to supply drinking water to the cities of Bam and the Bam Industrial Zone had devastated the environment and human communities in the downstream areas, leading to the depopulation of as many as 104 villages in the Bam region. The results of the SD model revealed that the artificial recharge of the plain groundwater aquifer along with the management of the operation of the wells and increasing productivity would be very effective. In order to estimate future precipitation data, the SDSM statistical exponential microscale model was used to microscale the large CanESM2 scale model under two scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The continuation of the current trend of the groundwater resources in the plain during the next 20 years will also cause a drop in water level of 8.3 m compared with the existing situation and a reduction of 41 m compared with the long-term average of 1980. Based on this modeling effort, upon releasing 60% of river flow, surplus to downstream demand, for recharging aquifer through artificial recharge projects, the rate of water table fall will decline significantly over a 20-year period and the amount of negative aquifer water balance would most likely improve from 65.5 to 35.17 million cubic meters annually.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2352-801x ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Shahrokhisardo2022100754 Serial 266  
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Author Khaneiki, M.L.; Al-Ghafri, A.S.; Klöve, B.; Haghighi, A.T. url  openurl
  Title Sustainability and virtual water: The lessons of history Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication (down) Geography and Sustainability Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 3 Issue 4 Pages 358-365  
  Keywords Proto-industrialization, Water scarcity, Non-hydraulic polity, Virtual water, Political economy  
  Abstract This article aims to show that virtual water has historically been an adaptation strategy that enabled some arid regions to develop a prosperous economy without putting pressure on their scarce water resources. Virtual water is referred to as the total amount of water that is consumed to produce goods and services. As an example, in arid central Iran, the deficiency in agricultural revenues was offset by more investment in local industries that enjoyed a perennial capacity to employ more workers. The revenues of local industries weaned the population from irrigated agriculture, since most of their raw materials and also food stuff were imported from other regions, bringing a remarkable amount of virtual water. This virtual water not only sustained the region’s inhabitants, but also set the stage for a powerful polity in the face of a rapid population growth between the 13th and 15th centuries AD. The resultant surplus products entailed a vast and safe network of roads, provided by both entrepreneurs and government. Therefore, it became possible to import more feedstock such as cocoons from water-abundant regions and then export silk textiles with considerable value-added. This article concludes that a similar model of virtual water can remedy the ongoing water crisis in central Iran, where groundwater reserves are overexploited, and many rural and urban centers are teetering on the edge of socio-ecological collapse. History holds an urgent lesson on sustainability for our today’s policy that stubbornly peruses agriculture and other high-water-demand sectors in an arid region whose development has always been dependent on virtual water.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2666-6839 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number THL @ christoph.kuells @ Khaneiki2022358 Serial 272  
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